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Prelims Facts

PRELIMS DATA & FACTS Prelims Facts

Prelims fact is an exclusive column to assist the students, in preparation for subject wise prelims facts and data this section not only helps in UPSC prelims in interview but also helps in various public service commission examination like OAS UPPCS UKPCS Rajasthan PCS Haryana PCS

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Hanging Glaciers in the Alaknanda Basin

 Why in the News? A recent study published in Nature magazine found that there are 219 hanging glaciers in the Alaknanda basin of the Garhwal Himalayas. About Hanging Glaciers Hanging glaciers are masses of ice perched on steep mountain slopes. They can detach from the slope and trigger massive ice avalanches. Formation of Hanging Glaciers Hanging glaciers form when a major valley
Prelims Facts 16 Oct, 2026 GS-1 Physical Geography

Neelakurinji (Strobilanthes kunthiana)

 ​Why in News? The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has requested the National Green Tribunal (NGT) to direct Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka to submit an annual plan of operation incorporating a conservation action plan for Neelakurinji. ​About Neelakurinji Neelakurinji is a purplish-flowering shrub that blooms once every 12 years. It belongs to the Aca
Prelims Facts 14 Oct, 2026 GS-1 Physical Geography

Jojari River

 ​Why in News? The Supreme Court recently prohibited construction and development within 100 metres of the Jojari River in Rajasthan due to serious environmental concerns. The Court also imposed restrictions on hazardous industries along the river to address pollution and environmental degradation. ​About the Jojari River Origin and Course The Jojari River is a seasonal river th
Prelims Facts 13 Oct, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Buckingham Canal

 ​Why in News? The restoration of the Buckingham Canal has once again attracted the attention of authorities following the formation of a new government in Tamil Nadu. ​About Buckingham Canal The Buckingham Canal is a navigable waterway running along the eastern coast of India. It extends for approximately 450 km, including around 250 km in Andhra Pradesh and 200 km in Tamil Nadu.
Prelims Facts 13 Oct, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Lithium

 Why in News? Battery-grade lithium carbonate prices are projected to average around RMB 140,000 per tonne in August, representing a 10.3% month-on-month decline. About Lithium Lithium is a soft, silvery-white metal that belongs to Group 1 (alkali metals) of the periodic table. Properties of Lithium Lithium has the lowest density of all metals and is the lightest solid element. I
Prelims Facts 12 Oct, 2026 GS-1 Economic Geography

Morocco

 Why in News? The Minister of State for Commerce and Industry is scheduled to co-chair the 7th Session of the India–Morocco Joint Commission. About Morocco Morocco is a country located in the Maghreb region of North Africa. Capital: Rabat. Land Boundaries: Morocco is bordered by Western Sahara to the south and Algeria to the east. Maritime Boundaries: It has coastlines a
Prelims Facts 10 Oct, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Mount Anak Krakatau Eruption

 Why in News? Indonesia’s Mount Anak Krakatau erupted, releasing fine volcanic ash particles that disrupted air transport. The ash created risks to aircraft engines, reduced visibility and posed health hazards, leading to the suspension of operations at several airports and affecting flights and passengers. About Mount Anak Krakatau Mount Anak Krakatau is located in the Sunda Str
Prelims Facts 06 Oct, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Falkland Islands Dispute

 Why in News? The Falkland Islands dispute has resurfaced amid renewed tensions between Argentina and the United Kingdom, particularly over sovereignty claims and oil exploration activities near the islands. The United Nations continues to recognise the existence of a sovereignty dispute between Argentina and the UK and has urged both countries to pursue a peaceful solution through negotiati
Prelims Facts 06 Oct, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Vishwamitri River

 A man recently died after being attacked by a crocodile in the Vishwamitri River at Talsat village on the outskirts of Vadodara, Gujarat. About Vishwamitri River The Vishwamitri River is a small, non-perennial river located in Gujarat. It has an important ecological association with the mugger crocodile and has historically played a significant role in the development of Vadodara. Cou
Prelims Facts 05 Oct, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Lake Erie

 Why in News? A 1,256-MW nuclear reactor located on the southern shore of Lake Erie in Ohio has unintentionally become a wildlife refuge. Its 1,100-acre buffer zone provides habitat and nesting grounds for threatened spotted turtles. About Lake Erie Lake Erie is the fourth-largest and southernmost of the five Great Lakes of North America. It is also the warmest, shallowest and smallest
Prelims Facts 30 Sep, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Singhbhum Craton

 Why in News? Researchers recently identified a 3.5-billion-year-old layered rock formation within the Singhbhum Craton in eastern India. The formation could contain some of the earliest chemical evidence of life on Earth. About Singhbhum Craton The Singhbhum Craton is located in eastern India, mainly across Jharkhand and Odisha. It lies between the Chhota Nagpur Plateau and the Easter
Prelims Facts 28 Sep, 2026 GS-1 Economic Geography

Dimna Lake

 Why in News? Dimna Lake, the iconic reservoir and lifeline of Jamshedpur, was among the 25 lakes across the country after which spectator galleries were named during the 80th Independence Day celebrations at the Red Fort in Delhi. About Dimna Lake Dimna Lake is an artificial lake located in the steel city of Jamshedpur, Jharkhand. It is situated at the foothills of the Dalma mountain
Prelims Facts 26 Sep, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Mushk Budji Rice

 Why in News? Kashmir’s indigenous aromatic rice variety, Mushk Budji, is facing a “problem of plenty” as the government’s crop expansion programme into areas considered unsuitable for the variety has increased production and affected market prices, according to farmers. About Mushk Budji Mushk Budji is a highly aromatic, short-grain rice variety native to the K
Prelims Facts 25 Sep, 2026 GS-1 Economic Geography

Tamirabharani (Porunai) River

 Why in News? Recently, the Madurai Bench of the Madras High Court declared Tamil Nadu’s Tamirabharani (Porunai) River a deity and granted it legal personhood as a measure to strengthen protection against pollution and environmental degradation. The recognition gives the river a distinct legal identity and seeks to reinforce the responsibility of authorities and stakeholders towards
Prelims Facts 25 Sep, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Hanging Glaciers in the Himalayas

 Why in News? Rising temperatures and changing precipitation patterns are destabilising Himalayan glaciers, increasing the risk of glacier collapse, avalanches and downstream hazards. An April 2026 study published in Nature identified 219 hanging glaciers in the Alaknanda Basin of the Garhwal Himalayas, highlighting their growing hazard potential. What are Hanging Glaciers? Hanging gla
Prelims Facts 24 Sep, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Central African Republic

 Why in News? Recently, a gold mining site collapsed in the western part of the Central African Republic (CAR), reportedly killing at least 30 miners and leaving several others trapped. About Central African Republic The Central African Republic is a landlocked country in Central Africa. Its geographical location places it at the crossroads of the central African region. Location an
Prelims Facts 23 Sep, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Mount Elbrus

 Andhra Pradesh Police Sub-Inspector V. Venkateswara Rao, of Eluru Rural Police Station, marked India’s 80th Independence Day by scaling Mount Elbrus, the highest peak in Europe, located in Russia. About Mount Elbrus Mount Elbrus is located in southern Russia and is the highest peak of the Caucasus Mountains. It rises to an elevation of 5,642 metres. It is regarded as the highest
Prelims Facts 21 Sep, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Mahadayi River

 The Union Government recently informed the Lok Sabha that it has not received any proposal from Karnataka seeking Environmental Clearance (EC) for diversion of the Mahadayi River for various projects. The development is significant because the Mahadayi River has been at the centre of a long-standing water-sharing dispute between Karnataka and Goa. Geographical Profile The Mahadayi Riv
Prelims Facts 19 Sep, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Subansiri River

 The Subansiri River in Upper Subansiri district of Arunachal Pradesh has recently risen to an unusually high and forceful level, despite no rainfall being reported in the area. The unusual rise has caused concern among local residents. ​Origin and Trans-Himalayan Character The Subansiri is the largest tributary of the Brahmaputra River and is a right-bank tributary. It originates in Ti
Prelims Facts 19 Sep, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Mount Ararat

 A German-Turkish research team recently conducted the first survey of the glacier on Mount Ararat, located in eastern Turkey. The survey is significant for understanding the characteristics and condition of the glacier situated near the summit of this prominent volcanic mountain. Location and Geographical Importance Mount Ararat is a volcanic massif located in the extreme eastern part of
Prelims Facts 18 Sep, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Blood Falls

 Blood Falls is a bright red waterfall flowing through the icy landscape of Antarctica. It is located at the edge of Taylor Glacier, where the red-coloured water creates the appearance of blood flowing from the glacier. The phenomenon is a notable example of the interaction between glacial processes, mineral-rich water and chemical reactions. Why Is Blood Falls Red? Iron-Rich Brine The
Prelims Facts 17 Sep, 2026 GS-1 Physical Geography

Petermann Glacier

 An international research team reported that Petermann Glacier in northwest Greenland calved a 76.4 km² ice island on 4 August 2026. This marked the glacier’s largest loss of floating ice since 2012 and the largest Arctic calving event since 2020, according to the report. ​About Petermann Glacier Location Petermann Glacier is a large glacier located in northwestern Greenl
Prelims Facts 16 Sep, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Indus Waters Treaty (IWT), 1960

 India rejected the ruling of the Hague-based Court of Arbitration (CoA) regarding the abeyance of the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT). India termed the tribunal illegally constituted and asserted that it has no jurisdiction over India’s sovereign decisions. Court of Arbitration’s Ruling Treaty Remains in Force The Court of Arbitration ruled that India’s decision to place t
Prelims Facts 14 Sep, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Rhine River

 Recently, water levels in the Rhine River, a major freight transport route in Europe, fell below the record low recorded in October 2018, disrupting shipping and industrial activity. About Rhine River The Rhine River is an important river and waterway of Western Europe. It is the longest river in Western Europe and the 12th longest in Europe. The river is known by different names in d
Prelims Facts 12 Sep, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Liberia

 Liberia is a country located along the Atlantic coast of West Africa. It is notable for being Africa’s oldest republic and, along with Ethiopia, is historically recognised as one of the African countries that escaped formal European colonial rule. Geographical Features Location: Liberia lies on the western coast of Africa and is bordered by Sierra Leone to the northwest, Guinea to
Prelims Facts 11 Sep, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Kuril Islands

 Russian President Vladimir Putin recently visited Iturup, one of the disputed Kuril Islands, amid continuing tensions between Russia and Japan over the territorial dispute and Russia’s war in Ukraine. About Kuril Islands The Kuril Islands are an island chain in the Russian Far East, forming a natural boundary between the Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Okhotsk. The archipelago stre
Prelims Facts 11 Sep, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Dikhow River

 Recently, flash floods from the Dikhow River submerged Nepali Khuti, a self-reliant Gorkha dairy village in Assam, within two hours, destroying homes, livestock and livelihoods. About Dikhow River Dikhow River is an important south-bank tributary of the Brahmaputra River. Origin: It originates in Zunheboto district of Nagaland. Course: The river enters the Assam plains through Nagi
Prelims Facts 10 Sep, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

English Channel

 Recently, French coastguards rescued 157 migrants from a boat that caught fire while crossing the English Channel. About English Channel The English Channel, also known simply as the Channel, is a narrow arm of the Atlantic Ocean separating the southern coast of England from the northern coast of France. It connects the Atlantic Ocean with the North Sea. The Channel is approximately 5
Prelims Facts 10 Sep, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Glaw Lake – Arunachal Pradesh

 Glaw Lake in Lohit district, Arunachal Pradesh, has been designated as India’s 101st Ramsar Site under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. It is also the first Ramsar Site of Arunachal Pradesh. The designation was announced by Union Environment Minister Bhupender Yadav on 3 August 2026. About Glaw Lake Glaw Lake is a freshwater lake located in the Eastern Himalayas, within the lands
Prelims Facts 09 Sep, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Madura Island – Indonesia

 At least five people were killed and 41 remained missing after a ferry carrying 271 passengers and crew caught fire off Madura Island, Indonesia. About Madura Island Madura Island is an Indonesian island located off the northeastern coast of Java. It is separated from Java by the Madura Strait. The island covers an area of about 5,290 sq. km and has a predominantly flat landscape, wit
Prelims Facts 09 Sep, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Egypt

   Recently, an earthquake of magnitude 5.4 struck off the coast of Egypt, bringing the country's geographical and tectonic setting into focus. Geographical Location Egypt is a transcontinental country located in northeastern Africa, with its Sinai Peninsula extending into Asia. The Sinai Peninsula serves as an important land bridge between Africa and Asia. Neighbouring Countri
Prelims Facts 08 Sep, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Lohagad Fort

 Lohagad Fort, also known as the Iron Fort, is a historic hill fort located near Lonavala in Pune district, Maharashtra. It is situated at an elevation of about 1,033 metres above sea level in the Western Ghats. Geographical Significance The mountain on which Lohagad Fort stands forms a divide between the basins of the Pavana and Indrayani rivers. The fort overlooks the Pavana Reservoir t
Prelims Facts 07 Sep, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Pamba River

 Recently, the Pamba River breached its banks at several locations following torrential overnight rainfall, causing widespread flooding across Pathanamthitta district of Kerala. About Pamba River The Pamba River, also known as the Pampa River, is the third-longest river in Kerala, after the Periyar and Bharathappuzha rivers. The river is also known as “Dakshina Bhageerathi”
Prelims Facts 05 Sep, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Nathu La Pass

 Why in News? Border trade through Nathu La Pass has recently resumed after remaining suspended for six years due to the COVID-19 pandemic and India–China border tensions. Location Nathu La Pass is a Himalayan mountain pass located in Sikkim, about 54 km east of Gangtok. It connects Sikkim with the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. Key Features The name “Nathu”
Prelims Facts 02 Sep, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Open Natural Ecosystems (ONEs) of India

 Why in News? India has launched its first-ever Guide to Grasslands and Other Open Natural Ecosystems (ONEs) of India at the 17th Conference of the Parties (COP17) of the UNCCD in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. About the Guide The guide provides a comprehensive account of India’s grasslands, savannas, deserts, scrublands, ravines, rocky plateaus and other open natural ecosystems. It docu
Prelims Facts 02 Sep, 2026 GS-1 Physical Geography

Republic of Naoero (Nauru)

 The Pacific island nation of Nauru has officially changed its name to the Republic of Naoero, reverting to its traditional designation. The move aims to strengthen the country’s national identity and cultural heritage. Location and Geography The Republic of Naoero is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, located in southeastern Micronesia, about 40 km south of the Eq
Prelims Facts 31 Aug, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Geostrophic Wind

 Geostrophic wind is a theoretical wind that flows parallel to isobars when the Pressure Gradient Force (PGF) is exactly balanced by the Coriolis force. It generally develops in the upper atmosphere, where the effect of surface friction is negligible. Key Characteristics Parallel to Isobars: The wind flows along the isobars because the PGF pulling air from high to low pressure is balanced
Prelims Facts 29 Aug, 2026 GS-1 Physical Geography

Colombia Earthquake & Pacific Ring of Fire

 Recently, Colombia declared a national state of emergency after a magnitude 7.4 earthquake struck the western part of the country, causing significant loss of life and leaving several people missing or injured. The earthquake was centred near San José del Palmar in Chocó and was described by the Colombian Geological Service as the strongest earthquake in Colombia in the 21st cent
Prelims Facts 27 Aug, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

India Maps 27 Locations in Arunachal Pradesh

 Why in News? India has formally identified 27 locations in Arunachal Pradesh on the official Survey of India map, strengthening its cartographic and administrative assertion over the State amid China's repeated attempts to assign alternative names to places in the region. China's Cartographic Aggression China has repeatedly attempted to rename places in Arunachal Pradesh, issu
Prelims Facts 21 Aug, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Shipki La Pass

 Shipki La Pass is a high-altitude mountain pass located at over 4,000 metres in Kinnaur district of Himachal Pradesh, along the India–China border adjoining the Tibet Autonomous Region. Cross-border trade through the pass resumed on 1 August 2026 after a six-year suspension due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Historical Background Shipki La was historically known as Pema La or “Sha
Prelims Facts 17 Aug, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Bhimtal Lake

 Introduction Bhimtal Lake is the largest natural freshwater lake in the Kumaon region of Uttarakhand and one of the important lakes of the Himalayan region. Located in Nainital district, it is a natural lake of tectonic origin and forms part of the Kumaon Lake System. The lake is important for freshwater supply, biodiversity, fisheries, tourism and local livelihoods. Location and Geograp
Prelims Facts 14 Aug, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Himayat Sagar Lake

 Latest News The Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (HMWSSB) recently opened the floodgates of Himayat Sagar Reservoir and released water downstream following increased inflows due to rainfall in its catchment areas. Location and Origin Himayat Sagar Lake is an artificial reservoir located about 20 km from Hyderabad, Telangana. It was constructed across the Esi Rive
Prelims Facts 12 Aug, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Dal Lake

 Latest News Labourers from the Jammu and Kashmir Lakes and Waterways Development Authority (LAWDA) recently undertook weed-removal operations in Dal Lake, Srinagar, as part of efforts to maintain the lake’s ecological health. About Dal Lake Dal Lake is an urban freshwater lake located in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, surrounded by the Pir Panjal mountains. It is a major centre of
Prelims Facts 10 Aug, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Colombia

 Latest News India’s Prime Minister recently congratulated Abelardo de la Espriella on his victory in the Colombian presidential elections, highlighting the continuing diplomatic engagement between India and Colombia. Location and Strategic Importance Colombia is located in the northwestern part of South America and is often described as the “Gateway to South America”
Prelims Facts 10 Aug, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Qeshm Island

 Latest News The United States recently conducted strikes on Iran’s Qeshm Island, targeting Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) military infrastructure to counter perceived threats to American forces and maritime security in the Persian Gulf. About Qeshm Island Qeshm Island is the largest island in the Persian Gulf and is located in Hormozgan Province of southern Iran, near
Prelims Facts 07 Aug, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Caspian Sea

 Latest News Recent scientific data indicates that since the mid-1990s, the Caspian Sea has lost approximately 24,000 km² of surface area, while its water level has declined by nearly two metres, primarily due to climate change, rising temperatures, and reduced river inflows, raising concerns about biodiversity, fisheries, and regional economies. About The Caspian Sea is the world
Prelims Facts 06 Aug, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Lake Laach (Laacher See)

 Latest News More than 1,000 tiny earthquakes beneath Germany's Lake Laach volcano have revealed a deep, slanted magma reservoir, challenging the earlier scientific assumption of a vertical magma body beneath the volcano. The discovery has renewed interest in the volcanic system and its long-term monitoring. About Lake Laach Lake Laach, also known as Laacher See, is a volcanic cald
Prelims Facts 05 Aug, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Volcán de Fuego

 Latest News Recently, tourists on Guatemala’s Volcán de Fuego were caught off guard when the volcano erupted suddenly, sending burning rocks, volcanic ash, and debris down its slopes, forcing visitors to evacuate the area. About Volcán de Fuego Introduction Volcán de Fuego, meaning “Volcano of Fire” in Spanish, is an active basaltic stratovolc
Prelims Facts 04 Aug, 2026 GS-1 Physical Geography

Berijam Lake

 Latest News Recently, the Madurai Bench of the Madras High Court referred to the Forest Bench a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) seeking a scientific ecological census of the Berijam Lake region to evaluate its suitability for notification as a Tiger Reserve. About Berijam Lake Introduction Berijam Lake is a man-made (artificial) freshwater lake located near Kodaikanal in the Dindi
Prelims Facts 04 Aug, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Bolivia

 Latest News Recently, the President of Bolivia declared a state of emergency in the country following a severe national crisis. About Bolivia Location Bolivia is a landlocked country situated in west-central South America. Despite having no coastline today, Bolivia historically had access to the Pacific Ocean before losing it to Chile during the War of the Pacific (1879–1884)
Prelims Facts 03 Aug, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Vaigai River

 Latest News Residents of Nelpettai recently criticised the Madurai Corporation for converting a stretch of the Vaigai River into a garbage dumping zone by placing more than 10 trash bins along its banks, raising concerns over river pollution and environmental management. About Vaigai River The Vaigai River is one of the major east-flowing rivers of Tamil Nadu and plays a crucial role
Prelims Facts 01 Aug, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Periyar River

 Latest News The Kerala High Court recently emphasised the need for a unified authority to monitor and maintain the cleanliness of the Periyar River, considering its ecological and economic significance. About Periyar River The Periyar River is the longest river in Kerala and is popularly known as the "Lifeline of Kerala" because it is a major source of drinking water, irriga
Prelims Facts 31 Jul, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Brahmani River

 Latest News Recently, a scientific study revealed that microplastic pollution is reaching the ecologically sensitive Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary, carrying heavy metals into the Brahmani River and posing a serious threat to its aquatic ecosystem. About Brahmani River The Brahmani River is one of the major east-flowing rivers of eastern India, flowing predominantly through the state
Prelims Facts 30 Jul, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Switzerland

 Latest News Recently, the first round of high-level talks between United States and Iranian officials was held in Switzerland, reaffirming the country's longstanding role as a neutral venue for international diplomacy. About Switzerland Switzerland is a landlocked, mountainous country located in Western and Central Europe. It shares its borders with Germany to the north, Fra
Prelims Facts 30 Jul, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Norway

 Latest News Norway has announced a near ban on the use of Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools by elementary school students while restricting their use in secondary education. The decision aims to protect children's learning, critical thinking, creativity, and cognitive development, ensuring that AI supplements education rather than replacing fundamental learning skills. In
Prelims Facts 29 Jul, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Bharat Climate Observation Network (BCON)

 Latest News Recently, the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune, and the Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), Nainital, signed a long-term Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to establish a climate observation station in the Himalayan region under the Bharat Climate Observation Network (BCON). About Bharat Climate Observation Network (BCON) Th
Prelims Facts 28 Jul, 2026 GS-1 Physical Geography

Lebanon

 Latest News Recently, talks between the United States (U.S.) and Iran were called off due to the escalation of fighting between Israel and Hezbollah in southern Lebanon. About Lebanon Lebanon is a country located on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea in Western Asia (Middle East). Despite its small size, it occupies a strategically important location connecting Asia, Europe, a
Prelims Facts 28 Jul, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Strait of Messina

 Latest News Recently, the Prime Minister of Japan emphasized bilateral cooperation with Italy in the ambitious project to construct a bridge across the Strait of Messina, which will connect mainland Italy with the island of Sicily. About the Strait of Messina The Strait of Messina is a narrow strait located in southern Italy within the Mediterranean Sea. It separates mainland Italy (C
Prelims Facts 27 Jul, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Kashmir Saffron

 Latest News The ongoing crisis in West Asia and a sharp decline in saffron production in Iran, the world's largest saffron producer, have significantly increased the global demand for Kashmir saffron. This has created new export opportunities for saffron growers in Jammu & Kashmir. About Kashmir Saffron Kashmir saffron is one of the world's finest and most expensive spices
Prelims Facts 25 Jul, 2026 GS-1 Economic Geography

Thailand

 Latest News Recently, India and Thailand agreed to deepen cooperation in defence manufacturing, research, innovation, capability development, and technology collaboration during the 10th India–Thailand Defence Dialogue held in Bangkok. The dialogue reflects the growing strategic partnership between the two countries under India's Act East Policy and the vision for a free, open, an
Prelims Facts 24 Jul, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Tasgaon Lift Irrigation Scheme

 Latest News The Maharashtra Krishna Valley Development Corporation (MKVDC) has issued the Letter of Award (LoA) to a joint venture involving Patel Engineering Ltd. (PEL) for implementing an irrigation project under the Tasgaon Lift Irrigation Scheme in Maharashtra. The project aims to strengthen irrigation infrastructure and improve agricultural productivity in Satara district. About Tas
Prelims Facts 23 Jul, 2026 GS-1 Economic Geography

New GI Tags (Jharkhand)

Latest News Recently, Jharkhand's Bhagaiya Silk, Kuchai Silk, Munda Jewellery, and Jharkhand Bamboo Craft were awarded the prestigious Geographical Indication (GI) Tag, recognising their unique geographical origin, traditional craftsmanship, and cultural heritage. About Geographical Indication (GI) Tag A Geographical Indication (GI) is an Intellectual Property Right (IPR) th
Prelims Facts 22 Jul, 2026 GS-1 Economic Geography

Indrayani River

 Latest News Recently, residents and environmental activists expressed concern after dozens of dead fish were found floating in the Indrayani River near Dehu in Maharashtra. The incident has raised questions regarding river pollution, water quality, and the health of the river ecosystem. About the Indrayani River The Indrayani River is an important rain-fed river located in the state of Ma
Prelims Facts 21 Jul, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Armenia

 Latest News Armenia's ruling Civil Contract Party has recently won the parliamentary election, reaffirming its political mandate amid continuing regional and geopolitical challenges. About Armenia Armenia is a landlocked country located in the South Caucasus, at the crossroads of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. Owing to its strategic location between Europe and Asia, Armenia has
Prelims Facts 20 Jul, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Zardalu (Jardalu) Mango

 Latest News Every summer, more than 125 quintals of Bhagalpur's famous Zardalu mangoes are carefully selected and sent to the President of India, the Prime Minister, and other constitutional dignitaries. This long-standing tradition has made the mango a symbol of Bihar's agricultural heritage and showcases the state's rich horticultural legacy. About Zardalu Mango Za
Prelims Facts 18 Jul, 2026 GS-1 Economic Geography

SOLAR-1 (Space Weather Observations at L1 to Advance Readiness–1)

 Latest News The United States has activated SOLAR-1, its first dedicated operational space weather monitoring satellite, to provide early warnings of solar storms that can disrupt GPS navigation, communication systems, satellites, aviation, and power grids. About SOLAR-1 SOLAR-1 (Space Weather Observations at L1 to Advance Readiness–1) is the first U.S. satellite exclusively des
Prelims Facts 15 Jul, 2026 GS-1 Physical Geography

zojila

Prelims Facts 13 Jul, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Indonesia

Prelims Facts 10 Jul, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Foraminifera

 Recently, scientists at the Agharkar Research Institute (ARI), Pune discovered a new species of Foraminifera, which has been named Portatrochammina bharatensis. The discovery adds to India's marine biodiversity records and contributes to a better understanding of the evolution and ecology of these ancient microscopic organisms. About Foraminifera Foraminifera are single-celled marine
Prelims Facts 09 Jul, 2026 GS-1 Physical Geography

Slovenia

Prelims Facts 09 Jul, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Venezuela

Prelims Facts 09 Jul, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Sea of Azov

Prelims Facts 09 Jul, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Cambodia

Prelims Facts 08 Jul, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Screw Pine (Kewra)

 Farmers in Ganjam district of Odisha have increasingly shifted from paddy cultivation to kewra (Screw Pine) cultivation due to repeated crop damage caused by wild boars. The transition reflects the plant's resilience, higher economic value, and lower vulnerability to wildlife raids. About Screw Pine The Screw Pine, commonly known as Kewra or Kewda (Pandanus odorifer), is a small bran
Prelims Facts 07 Jul, 2026 GS-1 Economic Geography

Pennar River

 Recently, the Pennar River has drawn public attention as it remains unusually dry despite several other rivers in Andhra Pradesh flowing with abundant water. Locally, it is sometimes referred to as "Peenigula Penna," meaning "a river with dead bodies lying around," reflecting the severe scarcity of water and the hardships faced by communities dependent on the river. Abou
Prelims Facts 06 Jul, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Bolide

 Recently, the explosions and loud boom sounds heard by residents of Boston, USA, were suspected to have been caused by a significant bolide or meteor entering the Earth's atmosphere. About Bolide A bolide is a large, exceptionally bright meteor that explodes in the Earth's atmosphere, producing an intense flash of light and, in some cases, causing fragments to fall to the ground
Prelims Facts 04 Jul, 2026 GS-1 Physical Geography

Majuli Island

Prelims Facts 04 Jul, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

River

Prelims Facts 04 Jul, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Myanmar
Prelims Facts 03 Jul, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

moon
Prelims Facts 03 Jul, 2026 GS-1 Physical Geography

Mongolia

 The Holy Relics of Arhat Sariputra and Arhat Mahamoggallana were ceremonially enshrined at the Gandantegchenling Monastery in Ulaanbaatar, marking an important milestone in India–Mongolia cultural and spiritual relations. Location and Boundaries Mongolia is a landlocked country located in north-central Asia. It shares its borders with Russia in the north and China in the south. The
Prelims Facts 02 Jul, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Mtkvari (Kura) River

 Authorities in Georgia recently recovered a body from the Mtkvari River, believed to be that of a missing Indian medical student, pending DNA confirmation. Location and Course The Mtkvari River, also known as the Kura River, is the longest river in the Caucasus region and an important river system of the South Caucasus. It flows through Turkey, Georgia, and Azerbaijan. The river origi
Prelims Facts 02 Jul, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Species
Prelims Facts 02 Jul, 2026 GS-1 Physical Geography

Canada

Prelims Facts 29 Jun, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Australia

Prelims Facts 29 Jun, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Jharia Coalfield

 A recent scientific study has revealed that the century-old underground fires in the Jharia Coalfield may be burning at much higher temperatures than previously estimated and are releasing significant quantities of greenhouse gases, thereby contributing to climate change and posing serious environmental and health challenges. About Jharia Coalfield The Jharia Coalfield is situated in the
Prelims Facts 26 Jun, 2026 GS-1 Economic Geography

Lake Kariba

 Recently, after nearly a decade of erratic rainfall patterns and prolonged heatwaves that severely reduced water levels, fresh inflows from the upper Zambezi River have begun replenishing Lake Kariba, offering renewed hope for hydropower generation, fisheries, and local livelihoods in the region. About Lake Kariba Lake Kariba is situated in Central Africa along the international border b
Prelims Facts 25 Jun, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Ethiopia

Prelims Facts 25 Jun, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Bismarck Sea

 Recently, a submarine volcanic eruption in the Bismarck Sea, located north of Papua New Guinea, attracted global scientific attention. The event has highlighted the limited mapping and understanding of the Earth's deep ocean floor, much of which remains unexplored. About the Bismarck Sea The Bismarck Sea is a marginal sea of the Southwestern Pacific Ocean situated off the northeaster
Prelims Facts 24 Jun, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Kiwi
Prelims Facts 24 Jun, 2026 GS-1 Economic Geography

Island
Prelims Facts 24 Jun, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Pulicat Lake

 Pulicat Lake has recently attracted significant attention as birdwatchers and photographers from across South India have been visiting the lake to witness the spectacular sight of flamingos and other migratory birds gathering in its calm waters. About Pulicat Lake Pulicat Lake is a vast coastal, shallow, brackish-water lagoon situated along the coast of the Bay of Bengal. It is the secon
Prelims Facts 23 Jun, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Jaggery (Gur)

 India accounts for more than 70% of global jaggery production, making it the world's largest producer and consumer of this traditional natural sweetener. Recently, jaggery has gained renewed attention due to growing consumer preference for natural and minimally processed food products. What is Jaggery? Jaggery, commonly known as Gur, is a traditional, unrefined natural sweetener obta
Prelims Facts 20 Jun, 2026 GS-1 Economic Geography

zimbabwe

Prelims Facts 20 Jun, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Tungabhadra Dam

 Nearly two years after Gate No. 19 was washed away during severe flooding, the historic Tungabhadra Dam near Hosapete in Karnataka has been fully restored. With the replacement of all 33 crest gates, the dam has regained its full operational capacity, ensuring continued support for irrigation, hydropower generation, flood control, and water supply across large parts of southern India. About
Prelims Facts 19 Jun, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Country

Prelims Facts 19 Jun, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

DRC

Prelims Facts 19 Jun, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Uturuncu Volcano

 Recently, scientists warned that an eruption of Mount Uturuncu could become increasingly likely as fresh batches of hot magma appear to be moving upward from deep within the Earth's crust. About Uturuncu Volcano Uturuncu Volcano is a large dormant volcano located in southwestern Bolivia within the Andes Mountains, the world's longest continental mountain range. Rising prominentl
Prelims Facts 17 Jun, 2026 GS-1 Physical Geography

OMAN
Prelims Facts 13 Jun, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

River

Prelims Facts 13 Jun, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Rainbow Clouds (Cloud Iridescence)

 Recently, Indonesia witnessed a spectacular "rainbow cloud" phenomenon, mesmerizing residents and attracting widespread attention on social media. The rare atmospheric display, characterized by brilliant pastel colours spreading across clouds, is scientifically known as cloud iridescence. What are Rainbow Clouds? The term "rainbow clouds" refers to the phenomenon of cloud
Prelims Facts 12 Jun, 2026 GS-1 Physical Geography

Physical geography
Prelims Facts 12 Jun, 2026 GS-1 Physical Geography

World mapping
Prelims Facts 11 Jun, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

NICOBAR
Prelims Facts 09 Jun, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

RIVER
Prelims Facts 08 Jun, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

GULF OF ADEN

Prelims Facts 08 Jun, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Galápagos Archipelago

 A newly installed Smart Island Monitoring Model is expected to strengthen and scale up ecosystem conservation efforts across Ecuador’s Galápagos Archipelago. Location and Geography The Galápagos Archipelago is an island group located in the Pacific Ocean, about 600 miles (965 km) west of Ecuador. It is uniquely positioned on both sides of the Equator, making it one of
Prelims Facts 08 Jun, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Sambhar Lake

 Environmentalists have raised concerns over a proposed 100 MW solar power project near Sambhar Lake, warning that even a relatively small installation could adversely affect the lake's fragile wetland ecosystem and disturb its rich birdlife. Location and Physical Features Sambhar Lake is situated in the districts of Jaipur and Nagaur in Rajasthan. It is the largest inland saltwater l
Prelims Facts 07 Jun, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Suru River

 Recently, the mortal remains of a six-year-old boy from Ladakh, who had drowned in the Suru River near Hunderman, were recovered from Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir (PoK) and returned to his family. The incident highlights the transboundary nature of the river, which flows from India into PoK before joining the Indus system. Introduction The Suru River is one of the most important rivers of t
Prelims Facts 07 Jun, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

RIVER
Prelims Facts 06 Jun, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Mayon Volcano

 Recently, Mayon Volcano erupted, leading to the evacuation of thousands of people from areas south of Manila. The eruption raised concerns about volcanic hazards such as lava flows, ash emissions, and pyroclastic activity, prompting authorities to implement emergency measures to protect nearby communities. Location and Geological Setting Mayon Volcano is an active stratovolcano situated
Prelims Facts 05 Jun, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Philippines
Prelims Facts 05 Jun, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

CARICOM
Prelims Facts 05 Jun, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

ECUADOR
Prelims Facts 02 Jun, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Mount Dukono Eruption

 Mount Dukono in eastern Indonesia has recently erupted, releasing an ash column that rose up to 1,400 meters above its summit. About Mount Dukono Mount Dukono is an active volcano located on Halmahera Island, in North Maluku, Indonesia. It is a complex volcano characterized by a broad, low profile, multiple summit peaks, and overlapping craters, which indicate repeated eruptive activ
Prelims Facts 01 Jun, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

JAMAICA
Prelims Facts 01 Jun, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Yangtze River

 Recently, China completed an 11.18-kilometre-long high-speed underwater tunnel beneath the Yangtze River. The tunnel is designed to facilitate the movement of bullet trains at speeds of up to 350 km/h. About the Yangtze River The Yangtze River, known in China as Chang Jiang or Yangzi, is the longest river in China and Asia and the third-longest river in the world, after the Nile River and th
Prelims Facts 26 May, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Austria

 India and Austria recently signed several agreements and announcements to strengthen bilateral cooperation in the areas of defence, trade, technology, education, and culture. About Austria Austria is a landlocked and mountainous country located in south-central Europe. The capital city of Austria is Vienna. Austria shares borders with eight countries: Czech Republic in the n
Prelims Facts 21 May, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

RED SEA

Prelims Facts 21 May, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Scarborough Shoal

Recently, China deployed ships and barriers near the entrance of the Scarborough Shoal in the South China Sea to tighten its control over the disputed region. This move has further increased tensions between China and the Philippines over ownership and access to the strategically important maritime feature. About Scarborough Shoal The Scarborough Shoal is a disputed atoll located in the
Prelims Facts 20 May, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Potomac River

Recently, American Rivers, a conservation organization working for the protection of rivers and wildlife in the United States, declared the Potomac River as America’s most endangered river for 2026. About Potomac River The Potomac River is an important river located in the eastern-central part of the United States. It is one of the most historically and geographically significant
Prelims Facts 19 May, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Sakurajima Volcano

Recently, the Sakurajima Volcano in Japan erupted, sending massive plumes of volcanic ash several kilometres into the sky. About Sakurajima Volcano The Sakurajima Volcano is located on the southern tip of Kyushu island near the city of Kagoshima in Japan. It is regarded as one of Japan’s most active volcanoes, with eruptions of varying intensity occurring regularly. Due to its
Prelims Facts 19 May, 2026 GS-1 Physical Geography

SUDAN
Prelims Facts 19 May, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Wular Lake

 Recent conservation initiatives at Wular Lake in Kashmir have led to the reclamation of nearly 5 sq. km. of silted land. Authorities have also removed large-scale willow plantations and strengthened embankments around the lake to improve its ecological integrity, water-holding capacity, and flood resistance. About Wular Lake Largest Freshwater Lake in India Wular Lake is the largest f
Prelims Facts 17 May, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Transport

Prelims Facts 17 May, 2026 GS-1 Economic Geography

SAA
Prelims Facts 17 May, 2026 GS-1 Physical Geography

CANARY ISLAND
Prelims Facts 16 May, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Aluminium

 Recently, new scientific research revealed that aluminium can be made to behave similarly to transition metals such as palladium, rhodium, and platinum. This discovery is considered important because transition metals are widely used as catalysts in industrial and chemical reactions due to their unique electronic properties. About Aluminium Aluminium is a chemical element with the symbol
Prelims Facts 15 May, 2026 GS-1 Economic Geography

Mount Semeru

 Recently, Mount Semeru in Indonesia erupted multiple times, sending thick columns of volcanic ash nearly 1,100 metres above its summit. The eruption once again highlighted the intense volcanic activity in Indonesia, which is one of the most volcanically active regions in the world. About Mount Semeru Mount Semeru is located in East Java in Indonesia and is regarded as one of the most active
Prelims Facts 15 May, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Azerbaijan

 Recently, India and Azerbaijan reviewed the current status of their bilateral relations during discussions held in Baku. The meeting focused on strengthening cooperation in areas of mutual interest and enhancing diplomatic engagement between the two countries. Location and Boundaries Azerbaijan is located at the junction of Eastern Europe and Western Asia along the southern slopes of the Cau
Prelims Facts 10 May, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Burkina Faso

 Recently, India has sent a consignment of 1,000 metric tonnes of rice to Burkina Faso as part of its humanitarian assistance, highlighting India’s engagement with food security support in West Africa. Location and Geography Burkina Faso is a landlocked country in West Africa, meaning it has no direct access to the sea. It is strategically situated in a region that connects several
Prelims Facts 09 May, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Mount Semeru

 Mount Semeru recently came into the news after it erupted multiple times, sending ash columns up to 1,100 metres above its summit, highlighting its continued high volcanic activity. Mount Semeru is located in East Java, Indonesia, and is one of the most active volcanoes in the country. It is locally known as “Mahameru”, which means “Great Mountain”. Geographical L
Prelims Facts 05 May, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Zojila Pass

 Recently, a massive snow avalanche struck Zojila Pass, highlighting the extreme weather conditions and vulnerability of high-altitude mountain routes in the Himalayan region. About Zojila Pass Zojila Pass, often referred to as the “Mountain Pass of Blizzards,” is a high-altitude mountain pass located in the Kargil district of Ladakh. It lies on the strategically important Sri
Prelims Facts 04 May, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Honshu

A recent earthquake of magnitude 6.2 struck off the east coast of Honshu, highlighting the region’s high seismic activity due to its tectonic setting. About Honshu Island Honshu, historically known as Akitsushima, is the largest and most important island of Japan. It lies between the Pacific Ocean (to the east) and the Sea of Japan (to the west), forming a long arc in a northeast&n
Prelims Facts 02 May, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Lebanon

Recently, Israel announced that its military may take control of southern Lebanon up to the Litani River to establish a “security zone.” This development highlights ongoing geopolitical tensions in the region. southern Lebanon, especially the Litani River area, holds strategic and security significance in regional conflicts. Location and Boundaries of Lebanon Lebanon is lo
Prelims Facts 01 May, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Aghanashini River

 The UNESCO has recently advised the Government of India that the proposed Aghanashini–Vedavathi river linking project must comply with World Heritage Conservation norms. This advisory gains importance because the river basin is located in the ecologically sensitive region of the Western Ghats, which is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Any large-scale developmental intervention
Prelims Facts 30 Apr, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Panama Canal

 The Panama Canal is currently operating at full capacity due to a surge in global shipping demand. This rise in activity is linked to ongoing geopolitical tensions, particularly the Iran war, which has led to an increase in the movement of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) vessels. As a result, the canal has become even more critical for global energy transportation. About Panama Canal The Pa
Prelims Facts 30 Apr, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Subarnarekha River

Recently, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change directed authorities to take action against illegal sand mining in the Subarnarekha River in Odisha. Origin and Course of the River The Subarnarekha River originates near Nagri village in the Ranchi district of Jharkhand at an elevation of about 600 metres. It flows eastward for nearly 395 kilometres before finally emptying in
Prelims Facts 29 Apr, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Litani River

Recent developments in West Asia highlight the strategic importance of the Litani River, as Israeli airstrikes reportedly destroyed the Qasmiyeh Bridge, a key crossing over the river in southern Lebanon. This incident underscores the river’s geopolitical and infrastructural significance in the region. About Litani River The Litani River is the largest and most important river in Le
Prelims Facts 28 Apr, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Lipulekh Pass

Recently, it has been reported that the historic India–China cross-border trade through the Lipulekh Pass in Uttarakhand’s Pithoragarh district is set to resume in June. This development highlights the pass’s continuing importance in trade, connectivity, and strategic Himalayan geopolitics. Location and Geographical Features The Lipulekh Pass is a high-altitude mountain pas
Prelims Facts 26 Apr, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Caspian Sea

Recently, the Israeli military confirmed that its fighter jets carried out strikes on several Iranian naval vessels in the Caspian Sea, highlighting its increasing strategic and geopolitical sensitivity in regional security dynamics. Location and Basic Features The Caspian Sea is the world’s largest enclosed inland water body, located between Europe and Asia. It is named after the
Prelims Facts 26 Apr, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Diego Garcia

Recently, Iran reportedly fired two ballistic missiles toward the joint U.S.–U.K. military base at Diego Garcia, bringing renewed global attention to its strategic military significance in the Indian Ocean region. Location and Geographical Features Diego Garcia is a coral atoll located in the central Indian Ocean. It is the largest and southernmost island of the Chagos Archipelago.
Prelims Facts 26 Apr, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

South Shetland Islands

 A magnitude 6.7 earthquake recently struck the South Shetland Islands in Antarctica, as reported by the German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ). The event highlights the tectonic and volcanic activity in this remote polar region, which lies close to the boundary of major geological plates in the Southern Ocean. About the South Shetland Islands The South Shetland Islands are a remote
Prelims Facts 24 Apr, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Ladakh Magmatic Arc

 Recent scientific studies have traced the evolution of the Ladakh Magmatic Arc (LMA) in the Northwest Himalaya, revealing insights into its complex geological history. The LMA represents a long-extinct volcanic system that evolved over tens of millions of years, reflecting interactions between tectonic plates, subduction processes, and magmatic activity. About the Ladakh Magmatic Arc The
Prelims Facts 22 Apr, 2026 GS-1 Physical Geography

Hindon River

 A recent survey of the Hindon River has raised serious environmental concerns. Preliminary tests conducted at several locations along the river indicate zero dissolved oxygen (DO) levels. This situation renders the water uninhabitable for most aquatic life, highlighting the extreme level of pollution in the river. About Hindon River Tributary: The Hindon is a tributary of the Yamun
Prelims Facts 22 Apr, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Assam’s GI-Tagged Joha Rice

 India has recently exported 25 metric tonnes of Assam’s GI-tagged Joha rice to countries like the United Kingdom and Italy. This development reflects India’s growing focus on promoting indigenous and high-value agricultural products in international markets. About Joha Rice Joha rice is an indigenous aromatic rice variety of Assam, known for its pleasant fragrance, fine grain
Prelims Facts 17 Apr, 2026 GS-1 Economic Geography

Musi River

Several historic landmarks have been identified under the 55-km Musi River rejuvenation project, with plans to integrate them through heritage tourism and cultural initiatives along the river corridor. This initiative aims to combine ecological restoration with urban heritage conservation, transforming the river into a cultural and environmental asset. About Musi River The Musi River
Prelims Facts 17 Apr, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Kharg Island

 Kharg Island has recently been in the news after the United States carried out airstrikes on military targets there amid escalating tensions with Iran. This has raised serious concerns about disruptions to global oil supply, as the island is a critical hub for Iran’s petroleum exports. Location and Physical Features Kharg Island is a small coral island located in the northern part
Prelims Facts 16 Apr, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Devon Island

 Devon Island is located in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago in the High Arctic region. It lies to the north of Baffin Island, with Baffin Bay to its east and Ellesmere Island to its north. It is the largest uninhabited island in the world, meaning there are no permanent human settlements. The island is characterized by vast stretches of rocky terrain and ice-covered regions, making it extrem
Prelims Facts 14 Apr, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Roopkund Lake (Skeleton Lake)

 Roopkund Lake has recently been in news due to renewed discussions about its mysterious human skeletons and fresh interpretations from scientific studies. Researchers have highlighted that the remains found at the lake belong to different time periods and diverse ancestral groups, challenging earlier assumptions about a single catastrophic event. Location and Physical Features Roopkund L
Prelims Facts 14 Apr, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Bascule Bridge

 The Union Government has recently approved a ₹117.54 crore project for the renovation of the Bascule Bridge. This bridge is an important part of Kolkata’s port infrastructure and plays a key role in ensuring smooth movement of both road traffic and ships. About Bascule Bridge A bascule bridge is a type of movable bridge that can be lifted to allow ships and boats to pass underneath.
Prelims Facts 13 Apr, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Gurudongmar Lake

 Tourism to Gurudongmar Lake has started to revive after more than two years of disruption. The decline in tourist activity was caused by the devastating South Lhonak Lake GLOF, which had severely damaged road infrastructure in North Sikkim. With gradual restoration efforts, access to the lake is improving, leading to a renewed flow of visitors. About Gurudongmar Lake Gurudongmar Lake is loca
Prelims Facts 12 Apr, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Qeshm Island

 Iran’s Foreign Minister has accused the United States of attacking a desalination plant located on Qeshm Island, stating that such an action sets a concerning precedent amid rising regional tensions. About Qeshm Island Qeshm Island is the largest island in the Persian Gulf, situated near the strategically important Strait of Hormuz. The island belongs to Iran and holds significant geog
Prelims Facts 08 Apr, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Solomon Islands

 Recently, a 6.7-magnitude earthquake struck Kirakira in the Solomon Islands. This event highlights the region’s high seismic vulnerability, as it lies in an earthquake-prone zone of the Pacific Ocean. About Solomon Islands Location The Solomon Islands are located in the south-western Pacific Ocean. They lie southeast of Papua New Guinea and northwest of Vanuatu.
Prelims Facts 07 Apr, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

El Niño

 According to the India Meteorological Department (IMD), there is a possibility of the El Niño phenomenon developing after July 2026, but definitive clarity on its formation will emerge only in April. Global forecasters, including the U.S. NOAA, estimate that the chances of El Niño forming during the June–August period are around 62%, with the probability increasing later in the
Prelims Facts 22 Mar, 2026 GS-1 Physical Geography

Solar Cycles

Researchers from IIT Kanpur have recently developed a new method to predict solar cycles, which can improve our understanding of solar activity and its impact on Earth. About Solar Cycles A solar cycle refers to an approximately 11-year cycle of solar activity driven by changes in the Sun’s magnetic field. This cycle is primarily observed through the frequency and intensity of sunspots
Prelims Facts 21 Mar, 2026 GS-1 Physical Geography

Polar Vortex

 A recent severe winter storm in the United States, affecting regions from Texas to New England, has highlighted the important role of the stratospheric polar vortex in shaping extreme weather events. What is the Polar Vortex? The polar vortex is a large region of low pressure and extremely cold air that surrounds both the North Pole and South Pole. It extends from the tropopause
Prelims Facts 19 Mar, 2026 GS-1 Physical Geography

Sonic Boom

 Recent studies have shown that seismometers can detect sonic booms created by debris from orbit falling back to Earth. This highlights that sonic booms are not only generated by aircraft but also by objects re-entering the atmosphere from space, producing detectable ground vibrations. What is a Sonic Boom? A sonic boom is a loud, thunderous noise produced when an object moves faster than the
Prelims Facts 18 Mar, 2026 GS-1 Physical Geography

Gandak River

 The Gandak River has recently emerged as the second major river after the Chambal River with the highest number of gharials, the fish-eating crocodiles. This highlights the river’s importance as a critical habitat for endangered species in India. About the Gandak River The Gandak River, also known as Narayani in Nepal, is a major left-bank tributary of the Ganges in India. It is me
Prelims Facts 17 Mar, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Kamchatka Peninsula

 Recently, the Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia’s Far East has experienced extreme and record-breaking snowfall, as powerful winter storms dumped several metres of snow across the region. The event highlights the peninsula’s harsh climatic conditions and unique geographical environment. Location The Kamchatka Peninsula is located in Russia in the far eastern part of the country.
Prelims Facts 14 Mar, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Geomagnetic Storms

 Recently, a powerful G4 (Severe) Geomagnetic Storm triggered by intense solar activity illuminated the night skies with spectacular auroras visible across several continents. Such storms occur when disturbances from the Sun interact with Earth’s magnetic environment. What is a Geomagnetic Storm? A Geomagnetic Storm is a major disturbance in the Earth's Magnetosphere, the magnet
Prelims Facts 13 Mar, 2026 GS-1 Physical Geography

Mount Elbrus

 Recently, an artificially triggered avalanche was filmed cascading down Mount Elbrus, drawing attention to the geological and climatic conditions of Russia’s highest peak. About Mount Elbrus Location: Mount Elbrus is located in southwest Russia and forms part of the Caucasus Mountains. It is the highest point in Russia and in Europe, with an elevation of 5,642 meters
Prelims Facts 28 Feb, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Lake Natron

Recently, Lake Natron in Tanzania has drawn global attention for its striking blood-red appearance, a phenomenon caused by volcanic activity and extreme chemical conditions. About Lake Natron Location Lake Natron is located in the Arusha region of Northern Tanzania, close to the Kenyan border. It lies within the Gregory Rift, which forms the eastern branch of the East African Rift sys
Prelims Facts 21 Feb, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Chatham Islands

Recently, a massive bloom of phytoplankton encircled the Chatham Islands during the austral summer. Phytoplankton are microscopic photosynthetic organisms that form the base of marine food chains. When their population increases rapidly, it creates a visible bloom detectable by satellites. Such blooms are often influenced by nutrient availability, ocean currents, and seasonal temperature ch
Prelims Facts 21 Feb, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Zanskar River

 The much-awaited Chadar Trek on the frozen Zanskar River has been deferred due to inadequate ice formation this winter. The trek depends on the river freezing into a thick sheet of ice, and insufficient freezing has made the route unsafe for trekkers. About Zanskar River The Zanskar River is a major left-bank tributary of the Indus River and flows entirely within the Union Territory of L
Prelims Facts 16 Feb, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Shaksgam Valley

 China has recently rejected India’s territorial claim over the Shaksgam Valley, asserting that the region forms part of Chinese territory.India maintains that the area is part of the larger Jammu & Kashmir region, and therefore an integral part of India. The renewed statements have brought the strategically sensitive region back into focus. About Shaksgam Valley The Shaksgam Va
Prelims Facts 15 Feb, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Dal Lake

 Recently, parts of Dal Lake in Srinagar froze as the city recorded its coldest night of the winter. Temperatures plunged well below the freezing point across the Kashmir Valley, highlighting the region’s harsh winter conditions. Geographical Location Dal Lake is a mid-altitude urban freshwater lake located in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir. It is surrounded by the Pir Panjal mountain
Prelims Facts 11 Feb, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Mayon Volcano

 A series of mild eruptions at Mayon Volcano, the most active volcano in the Philippines, has recently forced nearly 3,000 villagers to evacuate from areas near its foothills. Location and Geological Setting of Mayon Volcano Mayon Volcano is an active stratovolcano located in Albay province on Luzon Island in the Philippines. It lies within the Pacific Ring of Fire, a region known for fr
Prelims Facts 09 Feb, 2026 GS-1 Physical Geography

Barak River

 The Senapati Forest Division has recently launched Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) exercises as a pilot initiative to rejuvenate the Barak River watershed, while simultaneously strengthening local livelihoods in the region. About the Barak River The Barak River is a major river of Northeast India, flowing through the states of Manipur, Mizoram, and Assam before entering Bangladesh. I
Prelims Facts 08 Feb, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Popocatépetl Volcano

 Recently, a team of scientists successfully obtained the first-ever 3D images from inside Mexico’s Popocatépetl volcano. This scientific breakthrough is expected to enhance understanding of the volcano’s internal structure and improve volcanic monitoring and hazard assessment. About Popocatépetl Volcano Popocatépetl, meaning “Smoking Mountain”
Prelims Facts 05 Feb, 2026 GS-1 Physical Geography

Socotra Island

 Recently, hundreds of tourists were stranded on Socotra Island after flights were grounded due to clashes on the Yemeni mainland. The incident has once again drawn attention to the island’s geopolitical sensitivity and strategic location. Location and Geographical Setting Socotra Island is located in the Indian Ocean, approximately 340 kilometres southeast of Yemen, to which it pol
Prelims Facts 05 Feb, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Car Nicobar Island

 The Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) recently inaugurated a major runway upgrade at the Indian Air Force base on Car Nicobar Island, significantly enhancing India’s strategic and operational capabilities in the eastern Indian Ocean region. About Car Nicobar Island Car Nicobar Island is part of the Nicobar district of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Union Territory. It is the northernmo
Prelims Facts 02 Feb, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Copper

 Why in News Recently, copper prices reached a fresh all-time high in December, with the benchmark price on the London Metal Exchange (LME) crossing USD 12,000 per tonne. The surge reflects strong global demand, especially from clean energy, electric vehicles, and infrastructure sectors. About Copper Copper is a naturally occurring chemical element with the symbol Cu. It is one of the most
Prelims Facts 01 Feb, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Bhima River

 Why in News Recently, the Karnataka government urged the Central Government to intervene in a dispute concerning excess utilization of Bhima River water by Maharashtra, highlighting inter-state water sharing concerns. About the Bhima River The Bhima River is a perennial river and the largest tributary of the Krishna River. It plays a crucial role in the water resources of peninsular India
Prelims Facts 31 Jan, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Southern Ocean

 The Southern Ocean, also called the Antarctic Ocean, is the fourth-largest ocean by surface area. According to the International Hydrographic Organization, it is the southernmost portion of the World Ocean, surrounding Antarctica and connecting the southern parts of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. It includes tributary seas around the Antarctic region. Key Characteristics
Prelims Facts 29 Jan, 2026 GS-1 Physical Geography

Kavachi Volcano

 Scientists recently captured rare footage of sharks living inside the Kavachi volcano, located near the Solomon Islands. This discovery challenges previous assumptions about marine life surviving in extreme volcanic environments. About Kavachi Volcano The Kavachi Volcano is a shallow submarine volcano in the South Pacific Ocean, situated south of the remote Vangunu Island in the Solomon Isla
Prelims Facts 27 Jan, 2026 GS-1 Physical Geography

Ponduru Khadi

The Geographical Indications Registry has granted the Geographical Indication (GI) tag to Ponduru Khadi, a traditional handspun and handwoven cotton fabric from Andhra Pradesh. About Ponduru Khadi Origin: Ponduru village, Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh. Local Name: Patnulu. Material Used: Hill cotton, punasa cotton, or red cotton, all indigenous to the Srikakulam r
Prelims Facts 27 Jan, 2026 GS-1 Economic Geography

Hormuz Island

Recently, Hormuz Island in Iran drew global attention when a striking natural phenomenon transformed its coastline into a blood-red landscape, creating a surreal visual spectacle and sparking widespread discussion. Geographical Location Hormuz Island is a hilly island of Iran located in the Strait of Hormuz, between the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman. It lies about 8 kilometres off th
Prelims Facts 25 Jan, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Introduction to the Bureau of Port Security

The Bureau of Port Security (BoPS) is a newly proposed body in India designed to enhance the security of maritime vessels and port facilities. Recently, the Union Home Minister convened a meeting to formalize the constitution of this body, marking a significant step toward strengthening maritime security in the country. Legal and Administrative Framework Statutory Body: The BoPS
Prelims Facts 25 Jan, 2026 GS-1 Economic Geography

India’s First Indigenous Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Vessel

 The Union Minister for Ports, Shipping and Waterways recently flagged off India’s first indigenously developed hydrogen fuel-cell vessel in Varanasi, marking a major milestone in the country’s transition towards clean and sustainable inland water transport. Technical and Design Features The vessel has been entirely designed and built in India by Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL)
Prelims Facts 21 Jan, 2026 GS-1 Economic Geography

Gulf of Oman

Recently, Iran seized an oil tanker in the Gulf of Oman, according to Iranian media reports. The tanker had 18 crew members, including nationals from India, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh, highlighting renewed security concerns in a critical global energy corridor. About the Gulf of Oman The Gulf of Oman, also known as the Gulf of Makran, is the north-western arm of the Arabian Sea. It form
Prelims Facts 19 Jan, 2026 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Ponduru Khadi

 Recently, Ponduru Khadi has been granted the Geographical Indication (GI) tag by the Geographical Indications Registry under the Union Ministry of Commerce and Industry. This recognition provides legal protection to the product and highlights its cultural and economic significance. About Ponduru Khadi Ponduru Khadi is a renowned handspun and handwoven cotton fabric originating from Andhr
Prelims Facts 17 Jan, 2026 GS-1 Economic Geography

Hard Corals

 A major new assessment by the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN) has reported a dramatic decline in hard coral populations across the Caribbean region. The report highlights the increasing vulnerability of coral reef ecosystems due to climate change, coral diseases, and ecological imbalance. About Hard Corals Hard corals, also known as stony corals, are marine invertebrate anim
Prelims Facts 14 Jan, 2026 GS-1 Physical Geography

Solar Storm

 India’s first solar observatory, Aditya-L1, has played a crucial role in helping scientists understand the unusual behaviour of the strongest solar storm in over two decades, which struck Earth in May 2024, according to the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). What is a Solar Storm? A solar storm is a sudden release of energy, charged particles, magnetic fields, and solar mat
Prelims Facts 09 Jan, 2026 GS-1 Physical Geography

Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW)

 A meteorologist has recently warned of a possible Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW) event, which may result in below-average temperatures across parts of the United States later this month. Such events are known to trigger severe winter conditions in mid-latitude regions. What is Sudden Stratospheric Warming? Definition Sudden Stratospheric Warming refers to a rapid and abnormal incr
Prelims Facts 07 Jan, 2026 GS-1 Physical Geography

World Soil Day 2025

World Soil Day 2025 emphasizes the urgent need to restore and protect soil health as urban areas expand and environmental threats increase. The observance highlights the critical role of soil in supporting ecosystems, agriculture, and human well-being. About World Soil Day World Soil Day (WSD) is observed annually on 5 December to raise awareness about the importance of healthy soils and
Prelims Facts 01 Jan, 2026 GS-1 Physical Geography

Bitra Island

 The Chief of Staff of the Southern Naval Command recently stated that the Indian Navy is setting up a detachment on Bitra Island, and the project is nearly complete. About Bitra Island Location and Geography Bitra Island is situated in the northern region of Lakshadweep in the Arabian Sea. It is the smallest inhabited island in the Lakshadweep territory, with a land area
Prelims Facts 29 Dec, 2025 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Cold Wave

 The India Meteorological Department (IMD) has forecast that higher-than-normal cold wave days are likely to impact parts of central India, along with certain regions of northwest and northeast India. What is a Cold Wave? A cold wave is an extreme weather event characterised by unusually low temperatures in the near-surface atmosphere. It occurs due to a rapid fall in temperature within
Prelims Facts 28 Dec, 2025 GS-1 Physical Geography

Chambal River

 Recent efforts to reclaim degraded land from the Chambal ravines have raised serious concerns. Such interventions expose local communities and biodiversity to increased ecological risks, particularly soil erosion and flooding, due to the fragile nature of ravine landscapes. About the Chambal River The Chambal River, known as Charmanvati in ancient times, is one of the major tributaries o
Prelims Facts 27 Dec, 2025 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Venezuela

Recently, US President Donald Trump stated that his administration would “close the airspace above and surrounding Venezuela in its entirety.” This statement has renewed international attention on Venezuela’s geopolitical position. Location of Venezuela Venezuela is located on the northern coast of South America. It is bordered by Guyana to the east, Brazil to
Prelims Facts 22 Dec, 2025 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Gogabeel Lake

Gogabeel Lake in the Katihar district of Bihar has recently been designated as a Ramsar Site, giving it the status of a wetland of international importance. This recognition further strengthens India’s global wetland conservation efforts. About Gogabeel Lake Location Gogabeel Lake is situated in the trans-Gangetic plains of Bihar. It is located in the Katihar district and forms
Prelims Facts 03 Dec, 2025 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Tuvalu

The Government of Tuvalu has officially become the 90th State Member of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), marking a significant milestone in the country’s environmental efforts. About Tuvalu Tuvalu, formerly known as the Ellice Islands, is a small island nation located in the west-central Pacific Ocean. It holds the distinction of being one of the smallest
Prelims Facts 07 Nov, 2025 GS-1 Geography Mapping

South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA)

 The South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) is a fascinating and critical phenomenon in Earth's magnetic field that continues to attract attention due to its expanding nature and its potential impact on space-based technologies. What is the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA)? The SAA is a region of the Earth's magnetic field where the intensity of the magnetic field is weaker than normal. This an
Prelims Facts 06 Nov, 2025 GS-1 Physical Geography

Gulf of Kutch

 A recent report has highlighted the uncertain long-term survival of dugongs in the Gulf of Kutch and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, pointing to significant challenges for their conservation in these areas. The dugong, a marine herbivorous mammal, faces mounting threats to its habitat, primarily due to the degradation of its seagrass beds and other environmental pressures. About Gulf of Ku
Prelims Facts 05 Nov, 2025 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Mount Lewotobi

 Mount Lewotobi Laki-laki, located on Flores Island in eastern Indonesia, recently erupted, sending volcanic ash approximately 10 kilometers (about 6.21 miles) into the sky. About Mount Lewotobi Mount Lewotobi is a twin-peaked active volcano situated in the Ring of Fire, a major area in the Pacific Ocean where tectonic plates meet and volcanic activity is prevalent. This particular volca
Prelims Facts 05 Nov, 2025 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Taftan Volcano

 Recent research has indicated that Taftan Volcano, located in southeastern Iran, might be awakening after being dormant for nearly 700,000 years. About Taftan Volcano: Location: Taftan is a semi-active stratovolcano located in the southeastern part of Iran, near the Pakistan border (approximately 56 km away). It is situated within the Makran continental volc
Prelims Facts 04 Nov, 2025 GS-1 Physical Geography

Gulf of Finland

 Recent Incident: Airspace Violation: Recently, three Russian MiG-31 fighter jets violated the airspace of NATO member Estonia over the Gulf of Finland. The jets remained in Estonian airspace for 12 minutes, raising concerns among NATO allies. MiG-31: The MiG-31 is a supersonic interceptor aircraft, primarily used by the Russian Air Force for air defense and long-range inte
Prelims Facts 04 Nov, 2025 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Madagascar

Recently, an elite military unit in Madagascar has taken control of the country after a national assembly vote led to the impeachment of President Andry Rajoelina. The military backing of youth-led anti-government street protests marked a dramatic shift in the nation's political landscape. This development follows a period of intense political turmoil and unrest within Madagascar. About
Prelims Facts 03 Nov, 2025 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Gomti Rejuvenation Mission

 The Gomti Rejuvenation Mission launched by the Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister is a significant initiative aimed at restoring the health of the Gomti River. The mission has an ambitious target of intercepting 95 percent of urban sewage entering the river, which has faced significant pollution issues over the years. About the Gomti River: Geography and Course: Origin: The
Prelims Facts 02 Nov, 2025 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Armenia

 Recently, Armenia became the newest State Member of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), joining a global community committed to conserving nature and promoting sustainable development. About Armenia Geography and Location: Landlocked Country: Armenia is nestled in the southern part of the Caucasus Mountain Range. Bordering Countries: It shares bord
Prelims Facts 01 Nov, 2025 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Kharasrota River:

 The tragic incident involving Soudamini Mahala, a 59-year-old woman who was killed by a saltwater crocodile in the Kharasrota River in Odisha, has brought attention to the growing concerns over wildlife-human conflicts in the region. About the Kharasrota River: Location: The Kharasrota River is situated in the state of Odisha, eastern India. It is a tributary of the Brahmani River
Prelims Facts 30 Oct, 2025 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Coco Islands

 Myanmar recently assured India that there is no Chinese presence at the Coco Islands in the Bay of Bengal, a matter of significant strategic interest for India due to the islands' proximity to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. About the Coco Islands The Coco Islands are a small group of islands located in the Bay of Bengal, near the strategic Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India. Here
Prelims Facts 29 Oct, 2025 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Damodar River

 The Damodar River has recently been in the news due to a dramatic rescue event, where a 65-year-old woman was swept away by its swollen waters but managed to be rescued nearly 45 km downstream in West Bengal. About the Damodar River: Geographical Overview: Location: The Damodar River flows through the states of Jharkhand and West Bengal in eastern India. Length: The riv
Prelims Facts 28 Oct, 2025 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Qatar

 India recently defended Qatar’s sovereignty at the U.N. Human Rights Council, emphasizing its right to maintain its domestic policies and governance, particularly in light of international criticisms. About Qatar Qatar, officially the State of Qatar, is a small but strategically important country located in Western Asia on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula. Here'
Prelims Facts 28 Oct, 2025 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Easter Island's Moai Statues

 Recent research has unveiled that the famous moai statues of Easter Island were not dragged or rolled into position as previously believed. Instead, the island's early inhabitants employed a remarkable method of "walking" these giant stone figures upright, utilizing sophisticated engineering techniques. About Easter Island (Rapa Nui) Location: Easter Island, known a
Prelims Facts 26 Oct, 2025 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Black Sea

 The Black Sea remains a focal point of global geopolitical and environmental significance. Recently, Russia reported the destruction of 251 Ukrainian drones overnight, mostly over its southwest and in the Black Sea region, with one of the drones even targeting Moscow. Key Facts About the Black Sea: Location and Size: The Black Sea is a large inland sea located at the southeaster
Prelims Facts 26 Oct, 2025 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Mig La Pass

 The Mig La Pass, located on the Changthang Plateau in Ladakh, has recently set a world record with the construction of the world's highest motorable road at 19,400 feet above sea level. It is taller than both the South Base Camp of Mount Everest in Nepal (17,598 feet) and the North Base Camp in Tibe  (16,900 feet).This significant achievement was carried out by Project Himank under th
Prelims Facts 26 Oct, 2025 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Manjeera River

 In Medak, near the Edupayala temple, a dramatic rescue operation took place after two youths from Kukatpally were swept away by the swollen Manjeera River. About Manjeera River The Manjeera River is a key tributary of the Godavari River. It flows through several states, including Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Telangana. Course of the Manjeera River: Origin: The river originate
Prelims Facts 25 Oct, 2025 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Coral Triangle

 The Coral Triangle, often referred to as the ‘Amazon of the Seas’, is one of the most biodiverse marine ecosystems on the planet. Spanning over 10 million square kilometers, it is home to a wealth of marine life, including over three-quarters of the world’s coral species, a third of all reef fish, and six of the seven marine turtle species. This critical area is not only a bi
Prelims Facts 25 Oct, 2025 GS-1 Physical Geography

Willingdon Island

 Willingdon Island is a prominent man-made island in the Kochi area of Kerala, India, and is regarded as one of the most beautiful locations in the region. It holds a special place in both historical and strategic contexts. Key Features of Willingdon Island Man-Made Island: Willingdon Island was created by the British during the colonial era and is named after Lord Willingdon, the 2
Prelims Facts 24 Oct, 2025 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Baratang Island

India's only mud volcano, located on Baratang Island in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, has erupted once again, drawing attention both for its unique geological phenomenon and its significance as a tourist destination. About Baratang Island Location: Baratang Island is situated in the North and Middle Andaman district, approximately 150 km from Port Blair. It’s part of t
Prelims Facts 24 Oct, 2025 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Carlsberg Ridge

 Recently, the Indian government signed a contract with the International Seabed Authority to explore polymetallic sulphur nodules in the Carlsberg Ridge. About Carlsberg Ridge The Carlsberg Ridge is a mid-oceanic ridge located in the Indian Ocean. It is a divergent plate boundary, where tectonic plates are moving apart. Location: It extends from the triple junction of the Africa
Prelims Facts 24 Oct, 2025 GS-1 Physical Geography

Pulicat Lake

 Recently, fishermen around Pulicat Lake have raised concerns over siltation in the lake, demanding a long-term solution as the growing silting threatens their livelihoods. This issue is significantly impacting the local economy, especially for communities dependent on fishing, which has been their traditional way of life for generations. About Pulicat Lake Pulicat Lake is a vast coastal
Prelims Facts 23 Oct, 2025 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Canyon

 The Mar del Plata Canyon in Argentina has made headlines recently due to a groundbreaking expedition that uncovered over 40 potential new deep-sea species, including fascinating creatures like glass squids and pink lobsters.. About Mar del Plata Canyon Location: The Mar del Plata Canyon is located off the coast of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, about 250-300 km offshore from the
Prelims Facts 21 Oct, 2025 GS-1 Physical Geography

Dongsha Islands

 Taiwan's Coast Guard Administration (CGA) has confirmed that it recently dispatched vessels to confront a Chinese Coast Guard ship and a Chinese fishing boat operating near the Dongsha Islands (also known as Pratas Islands), marking a rise in maritime tensions in the region. About Dongsha Islands (Pratas Islands) The Dongsha Islands are a small group of islands situated in the northe
Prelims Facts 21 Oct, 2025 GS-1 Geography Mapping

What is Doomsday Glacier

 Overview: Unveiling new details about Antarctica's "Doomsday Glacier", scientists have revealed that the Thwaites Glacier has been losing ice since the 1940s. About Doomsday Glacier: Thwaites Glacier, also known as the “Doomsday Glacier,” is located in the remote Amundsen Sea in West Antarctica. It’s a wide and fast-flowing glacier, roughly the size of F
Prelims Facts 05 Mar, 2024 GS-1 Physical Geography

Kinmen Island

 Context: Presidential elections are scheduled in Taiwan on 13th January in which Kinmen residents are preparing to vote. About: Governance: Kinmen, also known as Quemoy, comprises a cluster of islands under the jurisdiction of Taiwan. Location in Relation to China: Geographical Position: Positioned on the southeastern coast of the People’s Republic of China
Prelims Facts 04 Feb, 2024 GS-1 Physical Geography

Zanskar River

 The Zanskar River is a tributary of the Indus River. It originates from the Doda and Lungnak rivers, and flows entirely within Ladakh. The Zanskar River's headwaters are known as the Tsarap Chu, and originate from the snows of the Himalayas. The river's entire catchment area is formed by glaciers.
Prelims Facts 02 Feb, 2024 GS-1 Physical Geography

Harni lake

 Harni Motnath Lake is a green lake in Vadodara, Gujarat, India.
Prelims Facts 01 Feb, 2024 GS-1 Physical Geography

Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (PBD)

 Pravasi Bharatiya Divas, also known as Non-Resident Indian (NRI) Day, flagship event of the Ministry of External Affairs is celebrated on January 9 every year. Aim - To mark the contribution and achievements of the overseas Indian community to the development of India. It’s a day to acknowledge the achievements of Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) and Persons of
Prelims Facts 28 Jan, 2024 GS-1 Human Geography

Polar Bear Dies of Avian Flu in the Arctic

 Context: The Arctic region has reported the first case of death of a polar bear due to the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI). News: The Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation reported the discovery of a deceased bear in the vicinity of Utqiagvik, Alaska's northernmost community. The first detection of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) in the Arctic regio
Prelims Facts 27 Jan, 2024 GS-1 Physical Geography

Vellayani Lake

 Vellayani Lake of Punchakkari wetland is the largest freshwater lake in Trivandrum, Kerala. The Vellayani Devi Temple, dedicated to Goddess Bhadrakali, is located on the eastern banks of the lake.
Prelims Facts 26 Jan, 2024 GS-1 Physical Geography

Krizna Jama Cave

 Krizna Jama, also known as Cross Cave or Cold Cave under Cross Mountain, is a cave in Slovenia. It's located in the Loz Valley, between the Loz Karst Field, Cerknica Karst Field, and Bloke Plateau. Krizna Jama is the 4th biggest known underground ecosystem in the world in terms of biodiversity.
Prelims Facts 23 Jan, 2024 GS-1 Physical Geography

Indrayani river

 Context: The reappearance of toxic foam in the Indrayani River has revived concerns about pollution in the region. About Indrayani River : Geographical Setting: The Indrayani River serves as a tributary of the Bhima River, a significant contributor to the Krishna River. Originating near Lonavla in Kurvande village amidst the Sahyadri mountains of Maharashtra, the river depends on rainfa
Prelims Facts 22 Jan, 2024 GS-1 Physical Geography

GI-Tagged Products from Odisha

 Context: Seven products from Odisha, including traditional foods and handicrafts, have received the Geographical Indication (GI) tag. About Geographical Indication (GI) Tag: A Geographical Indication (GI) is a label affixed to products originating from a specific geographical location, possessing unique qualities or a reputation attributable to that origin. Nodal Agency and Legal Framewor
Prelims Facts 19 Jan, 2024 GS-1 Economic Geography

Krishnarajasagar (KRS) dam

 Context: Karnataka HC bans mining activity near KRS reservoir. High Court says ban will apply even on existing mining licences, adding, it will be in force till the completion of a study by experts and decision taken by the State committee on dam safety. About Krishnaraja Sagar (KRS) Dam: Krishnaraja Sagar (KRS) Dam is a gravity dam. Situated below the confluence of the Kaveri River wit
Prelims Facts 19 Jan, 2024 GS-1 Economic Geography

Alvaro

 Alvaro, the 1st cyclone of 2024, made landfall near Morombe in Madagascar recently. Mozambique named the cyclone Alvaro. Resilience and Preparedness to tropical cyclones across Southern Africa (REPRESA) is an international initiative that aims to improve community preparedness for tropical cyclones in Southern Africa.
Prelims Facts 15 Jan, 2024 GS-1 Physical Geography

Czech Republic

 The Czech Republic, also known as Czechia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe with its capital Prague. It borders Poland, Germany, Austria, and Slovakia. With a lack of natural lakes, reservoirs are important in the Czech Republic.
Prelims Facts 12 Jan, 2024 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Perihelion

 The Earth reached its perihelion, or the closest point in its orbit around the Sun recently. Perihelion occurs in early January, about 2 weeks after the Winter Solstice.
Prelims Facts 11 Jan, 2024 GS-1 Physical Geography

Mount Lewotobi Laki-Laki

 Mount Lewotobi Laki-Laki is a mountain in Indonesia. It is part of the Lewotobi twin volcano, which is located in the southeastern part of Flores Island. The Lewotobi twin volcano is made up of the Lewotobi Laki-Laki (male) and Lewotobi Perempuan (female) stratovolcanoes, with summit craters less than 2 km apart. Mount Lewotobi Laki-Laki in Indonesia has erupted several times
Prelims Facts 07 Jan, 2024 GS-1 Physical Geography

REGIONAL RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEM (RRTS)

 RRTS is India’s first mass rapid system dedicated to regional connectivity. It is capable of running at speeds up to 180 km/hour with semi high-speed rail connectivity at its core. The integrated, mass transit network aims to ensure “balanced and sustainable urban development” through better connectivity and access across the NCR. The RRTS also known as Namo Bharat has b
Prelims Facts 20 Oct, 2023 GS-1 Economic Geography

COAL PRODUCTION IN INDIA

 Coal production in India is a significant part of the country's energy and industrial sectors. India has one of the world's largest coal reserves, and coal remains a crucial source of energy for power generation, as well as a key raw material for various industries, including steel and cement production. Coal production in India is mainly overseen by Coal India Limited (CIL), a state-ow
Prelims Facts 19 Oct, 2023 GS-1 Economic Geography

RAFAH CROSSING

 The Rafah crossing is the only passage in and out of the Gaza Strip to Eygpt, that is not controlled by Israel. It has been recognized by the 1979 Egypt–Israel peace treaty. As part of that treaty, a 100-meter-wide strip of land known as the Philadelphi Route was established as a buffer zone between Gaza and Egyp Gaza has been under a joint Israeli-Egyp
Prelims Facts 18 Oct, 2023 GS-1 Geography Mapping

SOLAR ECLIPSE

 SOLAR ECLIPSE   A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun's, blocking most of the Sun's light and causing the Sun to look like an annulus (ring). An annular solar eclipse occurred on October 14, 2023. Solar
Prelims Facts 17 Oct, 2023 GS-1 Physical Geography

CHERIYAPANI

 CHERIYAPANI     Cheriyapani is a high-speed craft will ply from Nagapattinam in T.N. to Kankesanthurai in the northern province of Sri Lanka. It shall involve a 4-hour journey between India and Sri Lanka. The vessel can accommodate 150 passengers on board and the one-way ticket for travel will cost around ₹7,670. The Nagapattinam port It
Prelims Facts 16 Oct, 2023 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Sikkim flash floods - Chungthang dam

Why in News There is a popular folk tale in Sikkim about two rivers, the male Rangeet and female Rungnyu (Teesta), and how the Rangeet turned back angrily after losing a race. In 2021, a protest song gave a modern twist to this tale, referring to the Teesta's rage at hydropower projects. On October 4, 2022, the South Lhonak glacial lake in northwest Sikkim breached its embankment
Prelims Facts 14 Oct, 2023 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Gaza Strip

   Gaza strip is a narrow piece of land located on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea It is bordered by Israel to the east and north, and Egypt to the southwest.  It is ranked as the third most densely populated in the world with a population of 2 million in just 365 square kilometers of land area. It is one of the two Palesti
Prelims Facts 14 Oct, 2023 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Mundra Port

 Mundra Port     It is India's first private port and largest container port in India. It is located on the northern shores of the Gulf of Kutch near Mundra, Kutch district of Gujarat. Incorporated in 2003, it became India's first multi-product port-based special economic zone.  Formerly operated by Mundra Port and Speci
Prelims Facts 13 Oct, 2023 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Vizhinjam port

 Vizhinjam port     It is located in Vizhinjam, Kerala and has a natural depth of 18 metres. It is a deep-sea water port developed as India’s first Mega deepwater Transshipment Container Terminal. It is the only container transshipment hub in the Indian subcontinent closest to the international shipping routes, and is centrally located on the Indian coastline
Prelims Facts 12 Oct, 2023 GS-1 Geography Mapping

WACE pattern-Cyclones

 WACE pattern-Cyclones     Cyclogenesis is an indicator that denotes the chance of a cyclone forming. It depends on parameters such as   Sea surface temperature The ocean heat content Change in winds from the surface into the upper atmosphere (or the vertical shear) Rotation of winds near the surface. A rapid increase in the cyclogenesis p
Prelims Facts 11 Oct, 2023 GS-1 Physical Geography

Bekal Fort

 Bekal Fort     Bekal Fort is a medieval fort built by Shivappa Nayaka of Keladi in 1650 AD, at Bekal.  It is the largest fort in Kerala. The fort appears to emerge from the sea and about three-quarters of its exterior lies in contact with water. The fort does not include any palaces or mansions as it was not an administrative centre. The
Prelims Facts 06 Oct, 2023 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Green Drought

 Green Drought     Green drought is when the vegetation may appear green on the top, but there is stunted growth and soil moisture stress for more than a month impacting yield drastically. This phenomenon is particularly problematic because it can be challenging to detect and monitor. Karnataka has urged to conduct an assessment on the ‘green drought’ p
Prelims Facts 06 Oct, 2023 GS-1 Physical Geography

Karman Line

 Karman Line Kármán Line is a boundary located at 100 km above sea level. It is an imaginary line that demarcates the earth’s atmosphere from space. A record-keeping body called Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) established this boundary in the 1960s. Any individual who crosses this line qualifies to be an astronaut. The
Prelims Facts 02 Oct, 2023 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Kosi River

 Kosi River   It is a transboundary river which flows through China, Nepal and India.  It drains the northern slopes of the Himalayas in Tibet and the southern slopes in Nepal. The Kosi River is also known as Saptakoshi for its seven upper tributaries which includes: Tamur river Arun river Sun Kosi The trib
Prelims Facts 02 Oct, 2023 GS-1 Geography Mapping

India Smart Cities Award Contest (ISAC), 2022:

 India Smart Cities Award Contest (ISAC), 2022:     It was launched to reward the cities, projects and innovative ideas promoting smart development in cities as an outcome of Smart Cities Mission, which was launched in 2015 to transform 100 cities into sustainable and livable urban centres. The awards are announced by The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.
Prelims Facts 26 Aug, 2023 GS-1 Human Geography

Chabahar port

 Chabahar port     India and Iran have agreed that disputes at Chabahar will not go for commercial arbitration in foreign courts but take investment arbitration or any other mode of dispute settlement. The arbitration will be pursued under rules framed by the UN Commission on International Trade Law This shall enable long-term agreement and boost investor confidenc
Prelims Facts 26 Aug, 2023 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Kerala to Keralam

 Kerala to Keralam The Kerala’s Legislative Assembly has unanimously passed a resolution to rename the state as Keralam by adding a suffix ‘m’ to its existing name in the Constitution and official records. The rationale behind the move is that it seeks convergence with its Malayalam name ‘Keralam’, as states were formed on the basis of the language in the S
Prelims Facts 10 Aug, 2023 GS-1 Geography Mapping

Crawford Lake

 Crawford Lake Location- Ontario in Canada The lake's bottom sediments has provided evidence for beginning of Anthropocene epoch ( present geological time scale during which earth's ecosystem has degraded due to human activities especially after Industrial revolution) The lake bottom sediments contained burned fossil fuels, exploded nuclear weapons, plastic and fertilizers dumped
Prelims Facts 13 Jul, 2023 GS-1 Physical Geography

Waorani community

Waorani community     The Huaorani, Waorani, or Waodani, also known as the Waos, are an Indigenous people from the Amazonian Region of Ecuador. They comprise almost 4,000 inhabitants and speak the Huaorani language. Their language is distinct and unrelated to any other known tongue, including Quechua, which is commonly spoken in
Prelims Facts 31 Dec, 1969 GS-1 Human Geography

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