The Supreme Court recently prohibited construction and development within 100 metres of the Jojari River in Rajasthan due to serious environmental concerns. The Court also imposed restrictions on hazardous industries along the river to address pollution and environmental degradation.
The Jojari River is a seasonal river that originates in Pandalu village in Nagaur district, Rajasthan. It flows through Jodhpur and merges with the Luni River near Balotra city.
The Jojari is the only right-bank tributary of the Luni River. It is also the only branch of the Luni River system that does not originate in the Aravalli Mountains.
The Jojari River is facing severe contamination due to the discharge of industrial waste and untreated sewage. The river is particularly affected by chemical-laden wastewater from textile and steel industries in Jodhpur, which has contributed to its environmental degradation.
The Supreme Court took suo motu cognizance of a news documentary highlighting the severe environmental crisis in the Jojari River region.
The Court prohibited construction and development within 100 metres of the river, as reported in the source. It also prohibited hazardous industries within 500 metres on either side of the existing flood line along the river's course.
The restoration of the Buckingham Canal has once again attracted the attention of authorities following the formation of a new government in Tamil Nadu.
The Buckingham Canal is a navigable waterway running along the eastern coast of India. It extends for approximately 450 km, including around 250 km in Andhra Pradesh and 200 km in Tamil Nadu.
Together with the Krishna and Godavari irrigation canal systems, it once formed part of a continuous, navigable stretch of approximately 650 km.
The Buckingham Canal once served as an important economic lifeline for Madras (now Chennai). It provided a major transport route through which bulky commodities, such as fuel, salt and dried fish, could be transported profitably to the city.
The canal was originally constructed in 1806 by Basil Cochrane and was privately owned and operated by him. It was initially known as the Cochrane Canal.
In 1837, the government took over the canal and renamed it the East Coast Canal. It was extended in 1857 to Dugarajapatnam, located in present-day Tirupati district of Andhra Pradesh.
In 1878, it acquired its present name after the Governor of Madras, the Duke of Buckingham and Chandos.
The Buckingham Canal faces serious environmental and management challenges due to encroachment, untreated sewage and solid-waste pollution. These problems have affected its condition and increased the need for restoration.
A famous tiger named Bhola, which was popular among tourists visiting the Phato zone of Corbett Tiger Reserve (CTR) in Uttarakhand, recently died.
The Corbett Tiger Reserve is located in the foothills of the Himalayas in Uttarakhand. It was originally established as Hailey National Park in 1936.
It is the first national park in India and was also the first national park to come under the Project Tiger initiative.
The reserve extends across the Bhabar and lower Shivalik regions, which are characterised by a deep water table. Its terrain is undulating, with several valleys.
The major rivers flowing through the valleys of the reserve include the Ramganga, Pallaen and Sonanadi.
The vegetation consists primarily of North Indian tropical moist deciduous forests and tropical dry deciduous forests. The landscape includes sal and mixed forests, grasslands and riparian vegetation.
The grasslands are locally known as ‘Chaur’. These grasslands have developed in areas associated with abandoned settlements or past clearings.
The reserve has extensive vegetation comprising evergreen sal and associated tree species, including sheesham and kanju, particularly along the ridges.
Corbett Tiger Reserve supports a rich diversity of wildlife. Major species include tigers, elephants, leopards, sambar, hog deer and spotted deer.
At DefCon 2026, India’s Defence Minister outlined a shift in the country’s national security doctrine. He cautioned against the “perimeter fallacy” and highlighted India’s evolution from strategic containment and deterrence by denial towards a proactive posture of deterrence by punishment.
What is the Perimeter Fallacy?
The perimeter fallacy refers to the misconception that national security can be ensured solely by protecting a country’s physical and geographical boundaries.
Modern threats are increasingly borderless and multidimensional. Therefore, border fortifications and troop deployments alone are insufficient to address vulnerabilities such as cyberattacks, drone incursions, disinformation campaigns and lone-wolf attacks.
National security also extends to economic and energy security, as hostile actors can disrupt critical supply chains without physically crossing a country’s borders. For instance, India’s dependence on imported crude oil makes strategic maritime chokepoints such as the Strait of Hormuz important to national security.
Understanding Deterrence
Deterrence is a strategy intended to discourage adversaries from undertaking hostile actions by influencing their assessment of the risks and costs involved. It seeks to reduce the likelihood of aggression by making its success uncertain and its consequences costly.
Deterrence by denial seeks to prevent an adversary from succeeding in an attack. It relies on defensive capabilities such as border fortifications, defensive deployments and the protection of critical infrastructure.
Deterrence by punishment seeks to discourage aggression by threatening to impose credible and unacceptable costs on an adversary after hostile action.
Its effectiveness depends on credible retaliatory capabilities, clear strategic signalling and political-military preparedness to respond decisively when established red lines are crossed.
How India Is Institutionalising Deterrence by Punishment
India’s approach has been demonstrated through military actions such as the 2016 Surgical Strikes, the 2019 Balakot air strikes and Operation Sindoor (2025). These operations reflect the use of military capabilities to target terrorist infrastructure beyond India’s physical borders.
2. PRAHAAR Strategy
PRAHAAR, described in the source as India’s first comprehensive National Counter-Terrorism Policy and Strategy, seeks to institutionalise a zero-tolerance approach to terrorism.
It emphasises an intelligence-driven, whole-of-government framework to identify and neutralise asymmetric threats before they materialise.
3. Diplomatic and Economic Measures
Deterrence can also extend beyond the battlefield through diplomatic and economic measures. The source highlights India’s use of multilateral institutions, including the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), alongside measures involving the Indus Waters Treaty, bilateral trade and the Attari-Wagah Integrated Check Post. These actions illustrate the broader use of diplomatic, economic and military instruments in national security policy.
Challenges to India’s Security Architecture
Excessive reliance on physical border security can leave India vulnerable to state-sponsored cyber warfare, autonomous drone swarms and AI-driven disinformation campaigns. Digital networks and encrypted communications can facilitate threats beyond conventional border surveillance.
India’s dependence on imported crude oil exposes it to disruptions at strategic maritime chokepoints. The Strait of Hormuz and the Red Sea–Gulf of Aden shipping corridors are important because disruptions can increase freight costs, insurance premiums and the risk of supply interruptions.
3. Dependence on Critical Technologies
Reliance on external suppliers for semiconductors, advanced electronics, Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) and rare earth elements can expose India’s military-industrial base to geopolitical pressure and global supply-chain disruptions.
4. Two-Front and Grey-Zone Threats
The strategic convergence between China and Pakistan presents challenges through conventional military threats and grey-zone warfare—activities below the threshold of open conflict. These include cyber espionage, proxy insurgencies, intelligence sharing and border infrastructure expansion.
5. Technological Gaps in Law Enforcement
Although national-level agencies possess specialised capabilities, state-level police forces may face technical deficiencies in digital evidence extraction, drone interception and counter-terror investigations. These gaps can weaken the response to technology-enabled security threats.
Measures Needed to Build a Resilient Security Architecture
India needs to operationalise Integrated Theatre Commands to improve joint planning, unified resource allocation and coordination among the Army, Navy and Air Force. The source highlights proposed Western, Eastern and Maritime commands under the broader joint military framework.
2. Defence Indigenisation and Research
Expanding Positive Indigenisation Lists and strengthening Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX) can reduce import dependence. Greater investment in domestic research and development should support indigenous capabilities in electronic warfare, quantum encryption and counter-drone systems.
3. Critical Infrastructure Protection
Public utilities, banks and telecommunications networks need stronger cybersecurity arrangements. Real-time cyber-threat information sharing and coordination with CERT-In can help identify intrusions and reduce the risk of cascading disruptions.
4. Energy Security and Strategic Reserves
Strengthening Strategic Petroleum Reserves (SPRs) and diversifying maritime trade routes can improve resilience against supply disruptions and maritime blockades. The source also identifies the India–Middle East–Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) as an alternative logistics framework.
5. Whole-of-Government Coordination
Better integration between national intelligence systems, including NATGRID and the Samanvaya platform, and local police stations can strengthen efforts to disrupt terror networks, illicit financing and cybercrime before they escalate.
6. Multi-Domain Security
India must coordinate preparedness across land, maritime, cyber, space, economic and information domains. This approach recognises that national security extends beyond conventional military defence.
Conclusion
India’s shift towards deterrence by punishment reflects an approach to security that combines military readiness with economic resilience, technological self-reliance and intelligence-led counter-terrorism. A robust security architecture requires not only the protection of territorial borders but also the ability to prevent, withstand and respond to multidomain threats.
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We provide offline, online and recorded lectures in the same amount.
Every aspirant is unique and the mentoring is customised according to the strengths and weaknesses of the aspirant.
In every Lecture. Director Sir will provide conceptual understanding with around 800 Mindmaps.
We provide you the best and Comprehensive content which comes directly or indirectly in UPSC Exam.
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