Daily News Analysis

Daily News Analysis

South Shetland Islands

A magnitude 6.7 earthquake recently struck the South Shetland Islands in Antarctica, as reported by the German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ). The event highlights the tectonic and volcanic activity in this remote polar region, which lies close to the boundary of major geological plates in the Southern Ocean. About the South Shetland Islands The South Shetland Islands are a remote

Hindon River

A recent survey of the Hindon River has raised serious environmental concerns. Preliminary tests conducted at several locations along the river indicate zero dissolved oxygen (DO) levels. This situation renders the water uninhabitable for most aquatic life, highlighting the extreme level of pollution in the river. About Hindon River Tributary: The Hindon is a tributary of the Yamun

Musi River

Several historic landmarks have been identified under the 55-km Musi River rejuvenation project, with plans to integrate them through heritage tourism and cultural initiatives along the river corridor. This initiative aims to combine ecological restoration with urban heritage conservation, transforming the river into a cultural and environmental asset. About Musi River The Musi River

Kharg Island

Kharg Island has recently been in the news after the United States carried out airstrikes on military targets there amid escalating tensions with Iran. This has raised serious concerns about disruptions to global oil supply, as the island is a critical hub for Iran’s petroleum exports. Location and Physical Features Kharg Island is a small coral island located in the northern part

Devon Island

Devon Island is located in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago in the High Arctic region. It lies to the north of Baffin Island, with Baffin Bay to its east and Ellesmere Island to its north. It is the largest uninhabited island in the world, meaning there are no permanent human settlements. The island is characterized by vast stretches of rocky terrain and ice-covered regions, making it extrem

Roopkund Lake (Skeleton Lake)

Roopkund Lake has recently been in news due to renewed discussions about its mysterious human skeletons and fresh interpretations from scientific studies. Researchers have highlighted that the remains found at the lake belong to different time periods and diverse ancestral groups, challenging earlier assumptions about a single catastrophic event. Location and Physical Features Roopkund L

Bascule Bridge

The Union Government has recently approved a ₹117.54 crore project for the renovation of the Bascule Bridge. This bridge is an important part of Kolkata’s port infrastructure and plays a key role in ensuring smooth movement of both road traffic and ships. About Bascule Bridge A bascule bridge is a type of movable bridge that can be lifted to allow ships and boats to pass underneath.

Gurudongmar Lake

Tourism to Gurudongmar Lake has started to revive after more than two years of disruption. The decline in tourist activity was caused by the devastating South Lhonak Lake GLOF, which had severely damaged road infrastructure in North Sikkim. With gradual restoration efforts, access to the lake is improving, leading to a renewed flow of visitors. About Gurudongmar Lake Gurudongmar Lake is loca

Qeshm Island

Iran’s Foreign Minister has accused the United States of attacking a desalination plant located on Qeshm Island, stating that such an action sets a concerning precedent amid rising regional tensions. About Qeshm Island Qeshm Island is the largest island in the Persian Gulf, situated near the strategically important Strait of Hormuz. The island belongs to Iran and holds significant geog

Solomon Islands

Recently, a 6.7-magnitude earthquake struck Kirakira in the Solomon Islands. This event highlights the region’s high seismic vulnerability, as it lies in an earthquake-prone zone of the Pacific Ocean. About Solomon Islands Location The Solomon Islands are located in the south-western Pacific Ocean. They lie southeast of Papua New Guinea and northwest of Vanuatu.

Gandak River

The Gandak River has recently emerged as the second major river after the Chambal River with the highest number of gharials, the fish-eating crocodiles. This highlights the river’s importance as a critical habitat for endangered species in India. About the Gandak River The Gandak River, also known as Narayani in Nepal, is a major left-bank tributary of the Ganges in India. It is me

Kamchatka Peninsula

Recently, the Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia’s Far East has experienced extreme and record-breaking snowfall, as powerful winter storms dumped several metres of snow across the region. The event highlights the peninsula’s harsh climatic conditions and unique geographical environment. Location The Kamchatka Peninsula is located in Russia in the far eastern part of the country.

Mount Elbrus

Recently, an artificially triggered avalanche was filmed cascading down Mount Elbrus, drawing attention to the geological and climatic conditions of Russia’s highest peak. About Mount Elbrus Location: Mount Elbrus is located in southwest Russia and forms part of the Caucasus Mountains. It is the highest point in Russia and in Europe, with an elevation of 5,642 meters

Lake Natron

Recently, Lake Natron in Tanzania has drawn global attention for its striking blood-red appearance, a phenomenon caused by volcanic activity and extreme chemical conditions. About Lake Natron Location Lake Natron is located in the Arusha region of Northern Tanzania, close to the Kenyan border. It lies within the Gregory Rift, which forms the eastern branch of the East African Rift sys

Chatham Islands

Recently, a massive bloom of phytoplankton encircled the Chatham Islands during the austral summer. Phytoplankton are microscopic photosynthetic organisms that form the base of marine food chains. When their population increases rapidly, it creates a visible bloom detectable by satellites. Such blooms are often influenced by nutrient availability, ocean currents, and seasonal temperature ch

Zanskar River

The much-awaited Chadar Trek on the frozen Zanskar River has been deferred due to inadequate ice formation this winter. The trek depends on the river freezing into a thick sheet of ice, and insufficient freezing has made the route unsafe for trekkers. About Zanskar River The Zanskar River is a major left-bank tributary of the Indus River and flows entirely within the Union Territory of L

Shaksgam Valley

China has recently rejected India’s territorial claim over the Shaksgam Valley, asserting that the region forms part of Chinese territory.India maintains that the area is part of the larger Jammu & Kashmir region, and therefore an integral part of India. The renewed statements have brought the strategically sensitive region back into focus. About Shaksgam Valley The Shaksgam Va

Dal Lake

Recently, parts of Dal Lake in Srinagar froze as the city recorded its coldest night of the winter. Temperatures plunged well below the freezing point across the Kashmir Valley, highlighting the region’s harsh winter conditions. Geographical Location Dal Lake is a mid-altitude urban freshwater lake located in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir. It is surrounded by the Pir Panjal mountain

Barak River

The Senapati Forest Division has recently launched Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) exercises as a pilot initiative to rejuvenate the Barak River watershed, while simultaneously strengthening local livelihoods in the region. About the Barak River The Barak River is a major river of Northeast India, flowing through the states of Manipur, Mizoram, and Assam before entering Bangladesh. I

Socotra Island

Recently, hundreds of tourists were stranded on Socotra Island after flights were grounded due to clashes on the Yemeni mainland. The incident has once again drawn attention to the island’s geopolitical sensitivity and strategic location. Location and Geographical Setting Socotra Island is located in the Indian Ocean, approximately 340 kilometres southeast of Yemen, to which it pol

Car Nicobar Island

The Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) recently inaugurated a major runway upgrade at the Indian Air Force base on Car Nicobar Island, significantly enhancing India’s strategic and operational capabilities in the eastern Indian Ocean region. About Car Nicobar Island Car Nicobar Island is part of the Nicobar district of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Union Territory. It is the northernmo

Copper

Why in News Recently, copper prices reached a fresh all-time high in December, with the benchmark price on the London Metal Exchange (LME) crossing USD 12,000 per tonne. The surge reflects strong global demand, especially from clean energy, electric vehicles, and infrastructure sectors. About Copper Copper is a naturally occurring chemical element with the symbol Cu. It is one of the most

Bhima River

Why in News Recently, the Karnataka government urged the Central Government to intervene in a dispute concerning excess utilization of Bhima River water by Maharashtra, highlighting inter-state water sharing concerns. About the Bhima River The Bhima River is a perennial river and the largest tributary of the Krishna River. It plays a crucial role in the water resources of peninsular India

Hormuz Island

Recently, Hormuz Island in Iran drew global attention when a striking natural phenomenon transformed its coastline into a blood-red landscape, creating a surreal visual spectacle and sparking widespread discussion. Geographical Location Hormuz Island is a hilly island of Iran located in the Strait of Hormuz, between the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman. It lies about 8 kilometres off th

Gulf of Oman

Recently, Iran seized an oil tanker in the Gulf of Oman, according to Iranian media reports. The tanker had 18 crew members, including nationals from India, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh, highlighting renewed security concerns in a critical global energy corridor. About the Gulf of Oman The Gulf of Oman, also known as the Gulf of Makran, is the north-western arm of the Arabian Sea. It form

Bitra Island

The Chief of Staff of the Southern Naval Command recently stated that the Indian Navy is setting up a detachment on Bitra Island, and the project is nearly complete. About Bitra Island Location and Geography Bitra Island is situated in the northern region of Lakshadweep in the Arabian Sea. It is the smallest inhabited island in the Lakshadweep territory, with a land area

Chambal River

Recent efforts to reclaim degraded land from the Chambal ravines have raised serious concerns. Such interventions expose local communities and biodiversity to increased ecological risks, particularly soil erosion and flooding, due to the fragile nature of ravine landscapes. About the Chambal River The Chambal River, known as Charmanvati in ancient times, is one of the major tributaries o

Venezuela

Recently, US President Donald Trump stated that his administration would “close the airspace above and surrounding Venezuela in its entirety.” This statement has renewed international attention on Venezuela’s geopolitical position. Location of Venezuela Venezuela is located on the northern coast of South America. It is bordered by Guyana to the east, Brazil to

Gogabeel Lake

Gogabeel Lake in the Katihar district of Bihar has recently been designated as a Ramsar Site, giving it the status of a wetland of international importance. This recognition further strengthens India’s global wetland conservation efforts. About Gogabeel Lake Location Gogabeel Lake is situated in the trans-Gangetic plains of Bihar. It is located in the Katihar district and forms

Tuvalu

The Government of Tuvalu has officially become the 90th State Member of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), marking a significant milestone in the country’s environmental efforts. About Tuvalu Tuvalu, formerly known as the Ellice Islands, is a small island nation located in the west-central Pacific Ocean. It holds the distinction of being one of the smallest

Gulf of Kutch

A recent report has highlighted the uncertain long-term survival of dugongs in the Gulf of Kutch and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, pointing to significant challenges for their conservation in these areas. The dugong, a marine herbivorous mammal, faces mounting threats to its habitat, primarily due to the degradation of its seagrass beds and other environmental pressures. About Gulf of Ku

Mount Lewotobi

Mount Lewotobi Laki-laki, located on Flores Island in eastern Indonesia, recently erupted, sending volcanic ash approximately 10 kilometers (about 6.21 miles) into the sky. About Mount Lewotobi Mount Lewotobi is a twin-peaked active volcano situated in the Ring of Fire, a major area in the Pacific Ocean where tectonic plates meet and volcanic activity is prevalent. This particular volca

Gulf of Finland

Recent Incident: Airspace Violation: Recently, three Russian MiG-31 fighter jets violated the airspace of NATO member Estonia over the Gulf of Finland. The jets remained in Estonian airspace for 12 minutes, raising concerns among NATO allies. MiG-31: The MiG-31 is a supersonic interceptor aircraft, primarily used by the Russian Air Force for air defense and long-range inte

Madagascar

Recently, an elite military unit in Madagascar has taken control of the country after a national assembly vote led to the impeachment of President Andry Rajoelina. The military backing of youth-led anti-government street protests marked a dramatic shift in the nation's political landscape. This development follows a period of intense political turmoil and unrest within Madagascar. About

Gomti Rejuvenation Mission

The Gomti Rejuvenation Mission launched by the Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister is a significant initiative aimed at restoring the health of the Gomti River. The mission has an ambitious target of intercepting 95 percent of urban sewage entering the river, which has faced significant pollution issues over the years. About the Gomti River: Geography and Course: Origin: The

Maitri II Station

India's Maitri II Station is set to become the country’s newest research facility in Antarctica, and the Finance Ministry has recently approved the project. This station will be an expansion of India’s polar research capabilities, especially in eastern Antarctica. Key Highlights of Maitri II Station: Location and Size: Maitri II will be established in ea

Armenia

Recently, Armenia became the newest State Member of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), joining a global community committed to conserving nature and promoting sustainable development. About Armenia Geography and Location: Landlocked Country: Armenia is nestled in the southern part of the Caucasus Mountain Range. Bordering Countries: It shares bord

Kharasrota River:

The tragic incident involving Soudamini Mahala, a 59-year-old woman who was killed by a saltwater crocodile in the Kharasrota River in Odisha, has brought attention to the growing concerns over wildlife-human conflicts in the region. About the Kharasrota River: Location: The Kharasrota River is situated in the state of Odisha, eastern India. It is a tributary of the Brahmani River

Coco Islands

Myanmar recently assured India that there is no Chinese presence at the Coco Islands in the Bay of Bengal, a matter of significant strategic interest for India due to the islands' proximity to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. About the Coco Islands The Coco Islands are a small group of islands located in the Bay of Bengal, near the strategic Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India. Here

Damodar River

The Damodar River has recently been in the news due to a dramatic rescue event, where a 65-year-old woman was swept away by its swollen waters but managed to be rescued nearly 45 km downstream in West Bengal. About the Damodar River: Geographical Overview: Location: The Damodar River flows through the states of Jharkhand and West Bengal in eastern India. Length: The riv

Qatar

India recently defended Qatar’s sovereignty at the U.N. Human Rights Council, emphasizing its right to maintain its domestic policies and governance, particularly in light of international criticisms. About Qatar Qatar, officially the State of Qatar, is a small but strategically important country located in Western Asia on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula. Here'

Easter Island's Moai Statues

Recent research has unveiled that the famous moai statues of Easter Island were not dragged or rolled into position as previously believed. Instead, the island's early inhabitants employed a remarkable method of "walking" these giant stone figures upright, utilizing sophisticated engineering techniques. About Easter Island (Rapa Nui) Location: Easter Island, known a

Black Sea

The Black Sea remains a focal point of global geopolitical and environmental significance. Recently, Russia reported the destruction of 251 Ukrainian drones overnight, mostly over its southwest and in the Black Sea region, with one of the drones even targeting Moscow. Key Facts About the Black Sea: Location and Size: The Black Sea is a large inland sea located at the southeaster

Mig La Pass

The Mig La Pass, located on the Changthang Plateau in Ladakh, has recently set a world record with the construction of the world's highest motorable road at 19,400 feet above sea level. It is taller than both the South Base Camp of Mount Everest in Nepal (17,598 feet) and the North Base Camp in Tibe  (16,900 feet).This significant achievement was carried out by Project Himank under th

Manjeera River

In Medak, near the Edupayala temple, a dramatic rescue operation took place after two youths from Kukatpally were swept away by the swollen Manjeera River. About Manjeera River The Manjeera River is a key tributary of the Godavari River. It flows through several states, including Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Telangana. Course of the Manjeera River: Origin: The river originate

Willingdon Island

Willingdon Island is a prominent man-made island in the Kochi area of Kerala, India, and is regarded as one of the most beautiful locations in the region. It holds a special place in both historical and strategic contexts. Key Features of Willingdon Island Man-Made Island: Willingdon Island was created by the British during the colonial era and is named after Lord Willingdon, the 2

Baratang Island

India's only mud volcano, located on Baratang Island in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, has erupted once again, drawing attention both for its unique geological phenomenon and its significance as a tourist destination. About Baratang Island Location: Baratang Island is situated in the North and Middle Andaman district, approximately 150 km from Port Blair. It’s part of t

Pulicat Lake

Recently, fishermen around Pulicat Lake have raised concerns over siltation in the lake, demanding a long-term solution as the growing silting threatens their livelihoods. This issue is significantly impacting the local economy, especially for communities dependent on fishing, which has been their traditional way of life for generations. About Pulicat Lake Pulicat Lake is a vast coastal

Dongsha Islands

Taiwan's Coast Guard Administration (CGA) has confirmed that it recently dispatched vessels to confront a Chinese Coast Guard ship and a Chinese fishing boat operating near the Dongsha Islands (also known as Pratas Islands), marking a rise in maritime tensions in the region. About Dongsha Islands (Pratas Islands) The Dongsha Islands are a small group of islands situated in the northe

Golan Heights

The Golan Heights is a strategically significant region located in the southwest corner of Syria. Geographic Features Topography: The Golan Heights is a basaltic plateau that rises sharply from the surrounding areas, providing a commanding view of the surrounding regions. Borders: Yarmouk River to the south. Sea of Galilee and Hula Valley to the west. Anti-Lebanon Mountains and M

Panama Canal

The Panama Canal is a critical artificial waterway located in Panama, Central America, that connects the Atlantic Ocean (via the Caribbean Sea) to the Pacific Ocean. This strategic route has played a significant role in global trade since its completion, but it now faces challenges due to climate change. Geographic and Engineering Features Location: The canal is situated across the Isthmu

Aravali Range – Facts

The Supreme Court recently opined that if the State of Rajasthan believes that the mining activities in the Aravali Range pose a threat to the environment, it can also prevent mining activities in the Aravalli Range. About Aravalli Range It is a mountain range located in northwestern India. It is one of the oldest fold mountains in the world. It runs approxima

Gulf of Aden

Indian Navy’s destroyer INS Visakhapatnam responds to distress call from drone-hit merchant vessel in Gulf of Aden. It is a deep-water basin that forms a natural sea link between the Red Sea and the Arabian Sea. Geography – It is an arm of the Indian Ocean that runs in a west-east direction, is located between Yemen on the so

Arabian Sea

Context: In a positive end to a hijacking attempt in the North Arabian Sea, marine commandos (MARCOS) of the Indian Navy on Friday evening secured and safely evacuated all 21 crew members, including 15 Indians, from merchant vessel Lila Norfolk. News: The vessel, Lila Norfolk, transmitted a message through the UK Maritime Trade Operations portal while being approximately 460 nautical m

Panama Canal-Facts

Scientists recently stumbled upon a lost forest in the Panama Canal, dating back around 22 million years. Panama Canal It is an artificial waterway that connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean.The canal cuts across the Isthmus of Panama and is a conduit for maritime trade.It was cut through one of the narrowest saddles of the isthmus that joins North an

Cabo Verde (also known as Cape Verde)

Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) has certified Cabo Verde (also known as Cape Verde) as a malaria-free country. Why in the news?  Cabo Verde has become the third country to acquire the status in the global health organisation’s African region. The country has now joined Mauritius and Algeria, who were certified in 1973 and 2019, respectively.

Nine-degree Channel

The Indian Air Force (IAF) has proposed to set up a forward fighter airbase in Minicoy Islands, to safeguard the sea lanes of communications and to keep the Arabian Sea free from non-state actors in the region. Location - In the Indian Ocean between the Laccadive Islands of Kalpeni and Suheli Par, and Maliku Atoll of Minicoy. Features - Approximately 200 km wide with a depth of 2

Rock Glaciers

A study has pointed out that the 100 active permafrost structures identified in Jhelum basin, can cause catastrophic disasters in future. A rock glacier is a mass of rock, ice, snow, mud, and water that moves slowly down a mountain under the influence of gravity. Formation - They typically form in mountainous regions where there is a combination of

Czech Republic

The Czech Republic, also known as Czechia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe with its capital Prague. It borders Poland, Germany, Austria, and Slovakia. With a lack of natural lakes, reservoirs are important in the Czech Republic.

Yeonpyeong Island, North Korea Island

North Korea has fired more than 200 rounds of artillery shells off its west coast, towards the South's Yeonpyeong Island. Yeonpyeong Island – It is home to a military base and a small civilian population of about 2,000 people in South Korea. Geography – It lies 3km (2 miles) from the disputed maritime border in the Yellow Sea and 12km from the Nor

Indian Landslide Susceptibility Map

IIT Delhi team makes first hi-res landslide risk map for India. Landslide Susceptibility Landslide susceptibility is the likelihood of a landslide occurrence in an area depend on the terrain condition. It is an estimate of where landslides will have occurred. Relative susceptibility to land sliding is used as a measure of the potential hazard within an area. It is applicable to regi

RAFAH CROSSING

The Rafah crossing is the only passage in and out of the Gaza Strip to Eygpt, that is not controlled by Israel. It has been recognized by the 1979 Egypt–Israel peace treaty. As part of that treaty, a 100-meter-wide strip of land known as the Philadelphi Route was established as a buffer zone between Gaza and Egyp Gaza has been under a joint Israeli-Egyp

CHERIYAPANI

CHERIYAPANI     Cheriyapani is a high-speed craft will ply from Nagapattinam in T.N. to Kankesanthurai in the northern province of Sri Lanka. It shall involve a 4-hour journey between India and Sri Lanka. The vessel can accommodate 150 passengers on board and the one-way ticket for travel will cost around ₹7,670. The Nagapattinam port It

Sikkim flash floods - Chungthang dam

Why in News There is a popular folk tale in Sikkim about two rivers, the male Rangeet and female Rungnyu (Teesta), and how the Rangeet turned back angrily after losing a race. In 2021, a protest song gave a modern twist to this tale, referring to the Teesta's rage at hydropower projects. On October 4, 2022, the South Lhonak glacial lake in northwest Sikkim breached its embankment

Gaza Strip

  Gaza strip is a narrow piece of land located on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea It is bordered by Israel to the east and north, and Egypt to the southwest.  It is ranked as the third most densely populated in the world with a population of 2 million in just 365 square kilometers of land area. It is one of the two Palesti

Mundra Port

Mundra Port     It is India's first private port and largest container port in India. It is located on the northern shores of the Gulf of Kutch near Mundra, Kutch district of Gujarat. Incorporated in 2003, it became India's first multi-product port-based special economic zone.  Formerly operated by Mundra Port and Speci

Vizhinjam port

Vizhinjam port     It is located in Vizhinjam, Kerala and has a natural depth of 18 metres. It is a deep-sea water port developed as India’s first Mega deepwater Transshipment Container Terminal. It is the only container transshipment hub in the Indian subcontinent closest to the international shipping routes, and is centrally located on the Indian coastline

Bekal Fort

Bekal Fort     Bekal Fort is a medieval fort built by Shivappa Nayaka of Keladi in 1650 AD, at Bekal.  It is the largest fort in Kerala. The fort appears to emerge from the sea and about three-quarters of its exterior lies in contact with water. The fort does not include any palaces or mansions as it was not an administrative centre. The

Karman Line

Karman Line Kármán Line is a boundary located at 100 km above sea level. It is an imaginary line that demarcates the earth’s atmosphere from space. A record-keeping body called Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) established this boundary in the 1960s. Any individual who crosses this line qualifies to be an astronaut. The

Kosi River

Kosi River   It is a transboundary river which flows through China, Nepal and India.  It drains the northern slopes of the Himalayas in Tibet and the southern slopes in Nepal. The Kosi River is also known as Saptakoshi for its seven upper tributaries which includes: Tamur river Arun river Sun Kosi The trib

Chabahar port

Chabahar port     India and Iran have agreed that disputes at Chabahar will not go for commercial arbitration in foreign courts but take investment arbitration or any other mode of dispute settlement. The arbitration will be pursued under rules framed by the UN Commission on International Trade Law This shall enable long-term agreement and boost investor confidenc

India and the Northern Sea Route

India and the Northern Sea Route   Why in the News? India has been witnessing the rising trend of involvement in cargo traffic in Murmansk port with a lion’s share of 35% of eight million tonnes of cargo handled by the port in the last 7 months in 2023.     Significance of Arctic region to India: The Arctic region encompassing Arctic Ocean with

Kerala to Keralam

Kerala to Keralam The Kerala’s Legislative Assembly has unanimously passed a resolution to rename the state as Keralam by adding a suffix ‘m’ to its existing name in the Constitution and official records. The rationale behind the move is that it seeks convergence with its Malayalam name ‘Keralam’, as states were formed on the basis of the language in the S

Chapter 1: AYUSH - Gifting Holistic Well-being to the World

Introduction The Ayurvedic discipline, in instance, is commonly referred to as the "Science of Life." It has its origins in the old Indian knowledge system.  The Ministry of Ayush (MoA) is actively promoting Ayush healthcare systems. This has resulted in increased study funding and collaborations between Ayush experts and modern scientific academics. The Ministry of Ayu

CHAPTER 6: AI CHATBOTS FUTURE AND CHALLENGES

A bot is a software, piece of code, or application that can do pre-defined tasks using a database of pre-existing responses or a restricted knowledge base. They are unable to provide acceptable responses to difficult issues that the creators were unaware would be raised. Chatbots of the future use artificial intelligence (AI) and natural language processing (NLP) to imitate human-like inter

CHAPTER 1 - INNOVATION IN SPACE TECH

Introduction Since its founding, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has been at the forefront of space technology and exploration. Over the years, the organisation has achieved several breakthroughs in space technologies by harnessing its critical resources, establishing India as a major player in the global space arena. ISRO has seen the progress of space technology and innov

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