Recently, the Union Minister for Science & Technology dedicated the UMMID Programme, a flagship initiative aimed at strengthening India's response to rare genetic and inherited disorders through early diagnosis, counselling, prevention, and capacity building.

About the UMMID Programme

The UMMID (Unique Methods of Management of Inherited Disorders) Programme is a national initiative launched to address the growing burden of rare genetic diseases and inherited disorders in India. It is designed to improve the diagnosis, treatment, counselling, and long-term management of individuals affected by these conditions.

The programme represents India’s first comprehensive national effort to tackle inherited genetic disorders through an integrated public health approach. Rather than focusing solely on treatment, it emphasizes early detection, genetic counselling, disease prevention, capacity building, and public awareness.

By promoting timely intervention and affordable healthcare, the programme seeks to reduce the social, emotional, and economic burden experienced by families affected by rare genetic diseases.

Objectives of the Programme

The primary objective of the UMMID Programme is to strengthen the healthcare system's ability to identify and manage inherited disorders at an early stage. It seeks to ensure that patients receive accurate diagnosis and appropriate counselling while also creating awareness about genetic diseases among healthcare professionals and the general public.

The programme also aims to expand access to specialized genetic services in underserved regions and improve the availability of trained professionals in the field of medical genetics.

Three Major Pillars of UMMID

1. NIDAN Kendras

A key component of the programme is the establishment of NIDAN Kendras, which function as specialized centres for genetic diagnosis and counselling.

These centres provide advanced diagnostic facilities for detecting inherited and rare genetic disorders. They also offer counselling services to affected families, helping them understand the nature of the disease, treatment options, and preventive measures.

2. Outreach Programmes in Aspirational Districts

The programme extends genetic healthcare services to Aspirational Districts and other underserved regions through targeted outreach activities.

These initiatives help identify affected individuals, raise awareness about genetic disorders, and improve access to healthcare services in areas where specialized medical facilities are limited.

3. Capacity Building and Training Centres

The third pillar focuses on creating a skilled workforce through specialized training and capacity-building programmes.

Healthcare professionals, including doctors, laboratory personnel, and genetic counsellors, receive advanced training in the diagnosis and management of genetic disorders. This helps strengthen India's overall genetic healthcare infrastructure.

Link with the National Policy for Rare Diseases (NPRD), 2021

The UMMID Programme supports the implementation of the National Policy for Rare Diseases (NPRD), 2021 by establishing structured pathways for diagnosis, treatment, and counselling.

It complements the policy's objective of improving access to healthcare for patients suffering from rare diseases while encouraging research, awareness, and institutional support.

Nodal Ministry

The programme is implemented by the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) under the Ministry of Science and Technology.

The Department of Biotechnology plays a central role in coordinating research, infrastructure development, and capacity-building efforts related to genetic healthcare in India.

Significance of the UMMID Programme

Inherited genetic disorders contribute significantly to infant mortality, childhood disabilities, and long-term health complications. Many of these conditions remain undiagnosed due to limited awareness and inadequate diagnostic facilities.

The UMMID Programme addresses this gap by promoting early diagnosis, genetic counselling, and preventive healthcare, thereby reducing disease burden and improving quality of life. It also strengthens India's healthcare system by integrating genetics into public health planning and service delivery.

 

Recently, a submarine volcanic eruption in the Bismarck Sea, located north of Papua New Guinea, attracted global scientific attention. The event has highlighted the limited mapping and understanding of the Earth's deep ocean floor, much of which remains unexplored.

About the Bismarck Sea

The Bismarck Sea is a marginal sea of the Southwestern Pacific Ocean situated off the northeastern coast of Papua New Guinea. It occupies a strategically important position between the Pacific Ocean and several island groups of the western Pacific.

The sea is bounded to the southwest by the mainland coast of Papua New Guinea. To the north, east, and southeast it is enclosed by the Bismarck Archipelago, which consists of the Admiralty Islands, New Ireland, and New Britain.

Covering an area of approximately 40,000 square kilometres, the Bismarck Sea forms an important marine region connecting different parts of the Pacific.

Geographical Features

The Bismarck Sea opens northward into the Pacific Ocean and is connected to the Solomon Sea in the southeast through the Vitiaz Strait, Dampier Strait, and St. George’s Channel.

The basin generally has an average depth of around 2,000 metres, while its deepest portions approach 2,500 metres. A prominent central submarine ridge divides the basin into two major sections:

• The New Guinea Basin in the west.

• The New Ireland Basin in the east.

The region is geologically active because it lies near the boundaries of several tectonic plates, making it prone to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and seafloor deformation.

Historical Significance

The sea derives its name from Otto von Bismarck, the renowned German statesman. The surrounding islands were under German colonial control from approximately 1885 to 1914, which led to the naming of the sea and the archipelago.

During World War II, the Bismarck Sea became a major theatre of naval warfare between Allied and Japanese forces.

A particularly important event was the Battle of the Bismarck Sea in March 1943. In this battle, Allied aircraft successfully destroyed a Japanese convoy attempting to reinforce troops in New Guinea, significantly weakening Japanese military operations in the region.

Today, numerous shipwrecks and aircraft wreckage from the war remain on the seabed, attracting historians, archaeologists, and divers.

Geological Importance

The Bismarck Sea lies within the highly active Pacific Ring of Fire, a zone known for intense tectonic and volcanic activity.

Frequent submarine volcanic eruptions and seismic events occur in the region due to interactions between the Pacific Plate, Australian Plate, and several smaller tectonic plates. These geological processes continuously reshape the ocean floor and provide valuable insights into Earth's internal dynamics.

The recent submarine eruption has renewed scientific interest in deep-sea exploration and the need for improved mapping of underwater volcanic systems.

Economic and Ecological Importance

The sea supports rich marine biodiversity, fisheries, and coastal livelihoods in Papua New Guinea. Its waters contain coral reefs, diverse fish populations, and important marine ecosystems that contribute to regional food security.

The area is also significant for scientific research on deep-sea geology, marine ecology, and climate-related ocean processes.

 

Recently, Haryana’s first Constellation Garden was developed inside the Saraswati Wildlife Sanctuary in the Seonsar forest area of Pehowa, highlighting the ecological and cultural importance of this protected region.

About Saraswati Wildlife Sanctuary

Saraswati Wildlife Sanctuary, also known as the Seonsar Forest, is located in the districts of Kaithal and Kurukshetra in Haryana. The sanctuary covers an area of approximately 4,452.85 hectares and serves as an important ecological refuge in the northwestern plains of India.

The sanctuary derives its significance from its association with the legendary Saraswati River, which is believed to have flowed through this region in ancient times. Because of this connection, the area holds both ecological and cultural-historical importance.

Historical and Archaeological Significance

The sanctuary is not only rich in biodiversity but also possesses considerable archaeological value. Excavations and findings in the region have revealed ancient bricks dating back to the Kushan and Gupta periods, indicating that the area was inhabited more than 1,500 years ago.

Another notable feature is a 400-year-old well constructed with small Lakhauri bricks, which is believed to belong to the Mughal era. These remains provide evidence of the region’s long history of human settlement and cultural continuity.

Flora

The vegetation of the sanctuary is dominated by Tropical Deciduous Forests, which support a diverse range of plant species. Dense stands of Kikar, Neem, Shisham, and Peepal trees form the primary forest cover.

Fauna

The sanctuary serves as a critical habitat for several species of mammals and birds. Important mammalian species found here include the Blue Bull (Nilgai), Wild Boar, Spotted Deer, and the relatively rare Hog Deer.

Bird diversity is particularly significant, with the sanctuary supporting more than 250 species of resident and migratory birds. During the winter season, large numbers of migratory birds visit the area, making it an important destination for birdwatchers and conservationists.

Ecological Importance

The sanctuary functions as an important biodiversity hotspot in Haryana by providing shelter to wildlife, preserving forest ecosystems, and supporting migratory bird populations. Its combination of natural heritage, historical significance, and cultural association with the Saraswati River makes it one of the state's unique conservation landscapes.

 

 

In June 2026, India and South Africa elevated their 31-year-old Science and Technology (S&T) Partnership, originally established under the 1995 Science and Technology Agreement, from a framework focused mainly on research cooperation to one centred on industrial co-production, technology commercialization, and strategic economic collaboration. The partnership received additional momentum through a Telangana–South Africa collaboration framework, reflecting the expanding scope of India–Africa relations and their growing significance in promoting stability, innovation, and sustainable development in an increasingly uncertain global environment.

The development also highlights India's broader shift in Africa from a traditional model based on development assistance and lines of credit toward economic integration, industrial cooperation, supply-chain resilience, and technology partnerships.

India–South Africa: A Next-Generation Technology Partnership

Transition from Research to Industrial Co-Production

India and South Africa are moving beyond conventional scientific cooperation and focusing on the practical application of technology through industrial co-production and commercialization. The new partnership seeks to transform scientific knowledge into market-ready products, strengthen manufacturing capabilities, and generate employment opportunities in both countries.

This shift reflects a broader understanding that innovation must contribute directly to economic growth, technological self-reliance, and social development.

Focus on Emerging Technologies

The partnership identifies Artificial Intelligence (AI), Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI), and Advanced Manufacturing as the core pillars of future cooperation.

Both countries are also expanding collaboration into cutting-edge domains such as Quantum Technologies, Genomics, Cyber-Physical Systems, and Digital Innovation Ecosystems. Rather than limiting cooperation to academic research, the emphasis is now on developing scalable technologies capable of addressing real-world developmental challenges.

This approach combines India’s strengths in digital governance and affordable technological solutions with South Africa’s growing innovation ecosystem.

Cooperation in Green Energy and Biotechnology

A major priority of the partnership is the expansion of cooperation in renewable energy, green hydrogen technologies, and biotechnology.

India’s globally recognized expertise in affordable healthcare, pharmaceuticals, and vaccine manufacturing complements South Africa’s ambition to accelerate its green energy transition and strengthen public health infrastructure.

Joint initiatives in these sectors are expected to enhance energy security, healthcare accessibility, and sustainable industrial development.

Strengthening Space and Astronomy Collaboration

India and South Africa have reaffirmed their commitment to the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) Project, one of the world's largest and most ambitious radio astronomy initiatives.

The project is expected to contribute significantly to advancements in high-performance computing, big data analytics, artificial intelligence, and scientific capacity building. Cooperation in space science and astronomy is also helping both countries develop highly skilled human resources and advanced technological capabilities.

Technology for Social Development

Future projects under the partnership will be evaluated not only on scientific merit but also on their ability to generate employment opportunities, improve healthcare systems, strengthen digital inclusion, and promote sustainable development.

This reflects a shared commitment to ensuring that technological innovation delivers tangible benefits to society, particularly in developing countries facing similar developmental challenges.

Telangana–South Africa Collaboration

The signing of a direct collaboration framework between Telangana and South Africa represents a significant sub-national dimension of India–Africa relations.

Leveraging Hyderabad’s strengths in Information Technology, Global Capability Centres (GCCs), Defence Manufacturing, Aerospace, Pharmaceuticals, and Healthcare, the partnership seeks to promote deeper economic and technological cooperation.

Particular emphasis is being placed on medical tourism, vaccine and bulk-drug manufacturing, healthcare supply chains, agro-processing industries, and advanced manufacturing sectors. The framework also encourages South African participation in Telangana’s investment summits and industrial development initiatives.

India’s Evolving Economic Strategy in Africa

From Continental Agreements to Regional Partnerships

India has gradually shifted its approach from pursuing a continent-wide Free Trade Agreement to negotiating with regional economic blocs such as the Southern African Customs Union (SACU).

This strategy enables India to engage more effectively with regional markets while facilitating easier movement of goods and services across member countries including Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho, Namibia, and South Africa.

Regional engagement offers greater flexibility and allows India to respond more effectively to diverse economic conditions across Africa.

Protecting India’s Investment Interests

India has invested approximately USD 80 billion across Africa, making the continent one of its most important economic partners.

The current strategy focuses on protecting these investments through tailored economic agreements, encouraging greater participation of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), and reducing vulnerabilities arising from political instability and economic uncertainty in certain regions.

This approach seeks to deepen long-term economic engagement while safeguarding Indian commercial interests.

Diversifying Fertilizer and Energy Supply Chains

To reduce dependence on traditional Gulf-based supply routes, India is strengthening partnerships with countries such as Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, and Libya.

These partnerships are expected to improve India's access to fertilizers, energy resources, and strategic commodities, thereby enhancing both agricultural security and energy security.

Supply chain diversification has become increasingly important in the context of global geopolitical uncertainties and disruptions.

Securing Critical Minerals for the Green Transition

A major element of India’s Africa strategy involves securing access to critical minerals such as lithium, cobalt, rare earth elements, and other strategic resources essential for clean energy technologies.

These minerals are vital for the growth of India’s electric vehicle industry, battery manufacturing ecosystem, and the National Green Hydrogen Mission.

India is therefore integrating mineral partnerships into broader economic and strategic agreements while also encouraging local value addition and mineral processing within African countries.

Leveraging the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)

India increasingly views the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) as a significant opportunity for economic expansion.

AfCFTA represents a market of approximately 1.4 billion people with a combined economic size of nearly USD 3.4 trillion.

To maximize these opportunities, India is establishing manufacturing and processing hubs in strategic locations such as South Africa and Kenya, enabling easier access to markets across the African continent.

From Credit Assistance to Co-Production

Historically, India’s engagement with Africa relied heavily on Lines of Credit (LoCs), with over USD 12 billion extended across 42 African countries.

The current approach marks a clear transition toward industrial co-production, technology transfer, skill development, healthcare cooperation, and value-chain integration.

The India–South Africa partnership exemplifies this new model, which seeks to build long-term productive capacities rather than merely financing infrastructure projects.

Strengthening Cooperation through BRICS and Scientific Platforms

India has invited South Africa to actively participate in the BRICS Science, Technology and Innovation Ministerial Meeting scheduled in Chennai in August 2026.

The initiative aims to promote collaboration in areas such as high-performance computing, precision agriculture, digital technologies, and scientific research.

Additionally, South Africa has invited India to participate in the Science Forum South Africa 2026, creating another platform for knowledge exchange, innovation partnerships, and institutional collaboration across Africa.

Significance for India and Africa

The evolving India–South Africa partnership demonstrates how bilateral relations are increasingly being shaped by technology, innovation, industrial cooperation, and strategic autonomy rather than traditional aid-based models.

For India, Africa offers opportunities for market expansion, resource security, supply-chain diversification, and geopolitical influence. For African countries, India provides affordable technology, healthcare solutions, capacity building, and development-oriented partnerships.

The relationship also strengthens South–South Cooperation, promotes a more balanced global economic order, and enhances the collective voice of the Global South in international governance.

Geopolitical Significance of Deepening India–Africa Ties

Championing the Global South

India and African countries are increasingly emerging as influential voices of the Global South, advocating for a more equitable and representative international order. Through platforms such as BRICS, the G-20, and the African Union, both sides are pushing for reforms in the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), the Bretton Woods Institutions, and the global climate finance architecture.

Their cooperation reflects a shared commitment to addressing historical inequalities in global governance and ensuring that developing countries receive a stronger voice in international decision-making processes.

Simultaneously, under India’s SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) doctrine, maritime cooperation with African nations has expanded significantly. Joint naval exercises, maritime domain awareness initiatives, and information-sharing through the Information Fusion Centre–Indian Ocean Region (IFC-IOR) have strengthened regional security and helped safeguard crucial sea lanes from piracy, terrorism, and illicit trafficking.

An Alternative to Debt-Driven Development Models

India’s engagement with Africa offers a distinctive development model based on the principles outlined in the Kampala Principles (2018). Unlike certain externally financed infrastructure initiatives that have been criticized for creating unsustainable debt burdens, India emphasizes demand-driven development, transparency, capacity building, and respect for national sovereignty.

This approach focuses on empowering local institutions, strengthening human capital, and supporting sustainable economic growth without compromising the financial independence of partner countries.

Contribution to Peace and Security

India’s long-standing commitment to peace and stability in Africa is reflected in its active participation in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations.

More than 5,000 Indian peacekeepers continue to serve in conflict-affected regions such as South Sudan and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). These deployments reinforce India's reputation as a net security provider and demonstrate its commitment to maintaining peace, protecting civilians, and supporting post-conflict reconstruction.

Such contributions have significantly enhanced India’s diplomatic credibility across Africa.

Expanding Diplomatic Presence

India has substantially expanded its diplomatic footprint in Africa by opening 17 new diplomatic missions, increasing the total number of Indian missions on the continent to 46.

This expansion has strengthened India’s ability to engage directly with African governments, respond to crises more effectively, promote economic partnerships, and gather region-specific strategic insights.

A broader diplomatic presence also facilitates greater people-to-people engagement and enhances India's long-term influence across the continent.

Revitalising the India–Africa Forum Summit (IAFS)

The proposed India–Africa Forum Summit-IV (IAFS-IV) represents an important opportunity to redefine and deepen India–Africa relations.

The summit can provide a comprehensive roadmap for future cooperation by institutionalizing regular political dialogue and transforming bilateral engagements into long-term strategic partnerships.

By aligning priorities with Africa's developmental aspirations, particularly the African Union’s Agenda 2063, IAFS-IV can become a cornerstone of future India–Africa cooperation.

Major Structural Challenges in India–Africa Relations

Implementation Deficits in Development Projects

One of the most persistent challenges in India–Africa relations is the delay in implementing development projects funded through India's Lines of Credit (LoCs).

Parliamentary committees have repeatedly highlighted bureaucratic bottlenecks, procedural delays, and slow disbursement of funds. Such inefficiencies undermine the effectiveness of developmental assistance and may weaken confidence among African partners.

Addressing implementation gaps remains essential for maintaining India’s credibility as a development partner.

Competition from China

India faces intense competition from China, whose engagement with Africa through the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and the Forum on China–Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) operates on a much larger financial scale.

Chinese investments often benefit from extensive state support and financing, enabling the execution of large infrastructure projects across the continent.

In contrast, Indian private enterprises frequently struggle to compete with heavily subsidized Chinese firms, creating challenges in expanding India's economic presence.

Political Instability and Security Risks

Many African regions continue to experience political instability, military coups, insurgencies, and governance challenges.

The Sahel region and parts of West Africa have witnessed increasing security concerns that create uncertainty for investors and businesses. Such instability discourages long-term investment and complicates the implementation of development projects.

Maintaining economic engagement in these environments requires careful risk management and diplomatic engagement.

Trade and Connectivity Constraints

Despite growing trade volumes, several structural barriers continue to limit economic cooperation.

Complex regulatory frameworks, varying standards across 54 African nations, non-tariff barriers, and restrictive phytosanitary measures often increase transaction costs for businesses.

Furthermore, inadequate direct air and maritime connectivity between India and Africa raises logistical costs and slows economic integration.

Improving connectivity remains essential for unlocking the full potential of bilateral trade and investment.

Security of the Indian Diaspora

Africa is home to nearly three million people of Indian origin, many of whom play a significant role in local economies.

However, economic difficulties and social tensions in certain countries occasionally result in xenophobic incidents and violence targeting foreign communities. Protecting the safety and interests of the Indian diaspora therefore remains an important aspect of India’s engagement with Africa.

Effective consular support and diplomatic intervention are crucial in addressing such challenges.

Limitations of Paradiplomacy

Increasingly, Indian states such as Telangana are pursuing international economic partnerships to attract investment and promote trade.

However, under Entry 10 of the Union List (Seventh Schedule) of the Constitution, foreign affairs remain exclusively under the jurisdiction of the Union Government.

This constitutional arrangement can sometimes create coordination challenges, requiring state governments to obtain approvals and align their initiatives with national foreign policy objectives.

Measures to Strengthen India–Africa Relations

Institutionalising Regular Summits

The timely convening of IAFS-IV is essential for revitalising India–Africa engagement.

The summit should develop a post-pandemic roadmap focused on technology, innovation, healthcare, sustainability, and economic integration while aligning with Agenda 2063 and the priorities of African nations.

Regular high-level interactions can provide strategic direction and ensure continuity in cooperation.

Establishing Sector-Specific Task Forces

India and African countries should establish dedicated Joint Working Groups (JWGs) in critical sectors such as critical minerals, renewable energy, healthcare, agriculture, digital technologies, and advanced manufacturing.

For example, a Joint Working Group on critical minerals could help secure access to lithium, cobalt, and rare earth elements necessary for India's clean energy transition and semiconductor ambitions.

Strengthening Paradiplomatic Frameworks

The Ministry of External Affairs should develop streamlined guidelines that enable Indian states to engage more effectively in international economic diplomacy while ensuring alignment with national interests.

This would facilitate smoother implementation of investment agreements and encourage greater participation by state governments in global economic initiatives.

Promoting Private Sector Participation

Indian businesses must move beyond an export-oriented approach and establish manufacturing and processing facilities within Africa.

Leveraging the opportunities offered by the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) can help Indian firms integrate into regional value chains and strengthen their long-term presence across African markets.

Such investments would contribute to industrialisation and employment generation in Africa while creating new opportunities for Indian enterprises.

Expanding Defence and Security Cooperation

India can deepen defence engagement with African countries by expanding training programmes, sharing expertise in counter-terrorism, strengthening cybersecurity cooperation, and supporting indigenous defence manufacturing.

Such initiatives would contribute to regional stability while enhancing India's strategic influence.

Leveraging Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI)

India’s success in building scalable digital platforms such as Aadhaar, UPI, DigiLocker, and other components of the India Stack provides an opportunity to support digital transformation across Africa.

Exporting Digital Public Infrastructure can improve financial inclusion, public service delivery, governance efficiency, and digital connectivity, thereby enhancing India's soft power and strengthening its role as a technological partner of the Global South.

Conclusion

India–Africa relations are undergoing a significant transformation from a model based primarily on development assistance and credit support to one focused on technology partnerships, industrial co-production, supply-chain resilience, and economic integration.

By deepening cooperation in areas such as critical minerals, digital infrastructure, renewable energy, healthcare, advanced manufacturing, defence, and innovation, both India and Africa are creating a partnership rooted in mutual growth and shared prosperity.

 

The introduction of the European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) marks a significant transformation in the nature of global trade. Proposed in 2021 and set for implementation from 2026, CBAM represents a shift from a trade system primarily governed by tariffs to one increasingly influenced by carbon efficiency and environmental sustainability. While the mechanism seeks to reduce global emissions and promote cleaner production practices, it also poses important economic and developmental challenges for countries such as India, whose industries remain relatively carbon-intensive.

Understanding the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)

The Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) is a policy framework developed by the European Union (EU) to ensure that imported goods entering European markets face carbon costs comparable to those imposed on domestic European producers under the EU’s climate regulations. Its primary objective is to prevent carbon leakage, a situation in which industries relocate production to countries with weaker environmental regulations in order to avoid carbon costs.

Unlike traditional trade barriers, CBAM directly links market access to the amount of carbon emitted during the production process. As a result, climate policy is no longer confined to environmental governance but has become a powerful instrument capable of influencing global trade patterns, industrial competitiveness, and investment decisions.

How CBAM Differs from Traditional Non-Tariff Measures

Traditional Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs) generally focus on product quality, technical standards, safety regulations, or sanitary requirements. These measures are often qualitative in nature and subject to interpretation.

CBAM differs fundamentally because it is a quantifiable and price-based mechanism. Under this framework, even products that fully comply with international quality standards may face additional costs if they are produced using carbon-intensive methods. Consequently, countries whose industries rely heavily on fossil fuels may find their exports becoming less competitive in international markets.

This change signals the emergence of a new trade paradigm where carbon intensity becomes as important as product quality and production cost.

Impact of CBAM on India’s Industrial Sector

The sectors expected to face the most immediate impact are steel and aluminium, both of which are energy-intensive industries and significant contributors to India’s exports to Europe.

Although the carbon levy is formally imposed on European importers, a substantial portion of the burden is likely to be transferred to Indian exporters through lower purchase prices, stricter contractual conditions, and changing procurement preferences. European buyers may increasingly favor suppliers that adopt clean technologies, renewable energy, and low-emission production systems.

As a result, Indian exporters could experience reduced competitiveness and shrinking profit margins in the short term, even if existing trade agreements between India and the European Union remain intact.

Indirect Impact on Agriculture and Food Security

The consequences of CBAM extend beyond industrial exports and may indirectly affect India's agricultural sector.

India depends significantly on imported fertilizers from countries such as Egypt, Russia, Morocco, and China, which are also major exporters to the European market. As these countries face higher compliance costs under carbon-related trade regulations, fertilizer production costs and international prices may rise.

Higher fertilizer prices would increase India's import bill and raise input costs for farmers. This could adversely affect farm profitability, agricultural productivity, and food affordability. Therefore, climate-linked trade policies have the potential to influence not only industrial production but also food security and rural livelihoods.

Changing Nature of Global Trade

Carbon Efficiency as a New Comparative Advantage

Global trade is witnessing a structural transformation in which carbon-neutral and environmentally sustainable production systems are becoming key determinants of competitiveness.

Traditionally, comparative advantage depended largely on factors such as low labour costs, abundant resources, and production efficiency. However, under emerging carbon-regulated trade regimes, industries with lower emissions are increasingly gaining preferential access to global markets.

This evolution requires countries to invest heavily in renewable energy, green technologies, energy-efficient infrastructure, and industrial decarbonisation if they wish to remain competitive.

Challenges for Developing Countries

For developing economies like India, the transition presents significant difficulties. Cleaner production technologies often require substantial financial investments and access to advanced technologies, both of which remain concentrated in developed countries.

Consequently, climate-based trade measures may unintentionally widen existing economic inequalities by placing disproportionate burdens on countries that have contributed less historically to global emissions but possess fewer resources for decarbonisation.

This raises important questions related to climate justice, equity, and differentiated responsibilities in the global effort to combat climate change.

Measures India Must Adopt

Strengthening Domestic Reforms

India needs to accelerate investments in renewable energy, improve industrial energy efficiency, and strengthen the implementation of climate-related policies. Modernisation of manufacturing processes and wider adoption of low-carbon technologies will be essential for reducing carbon intensity across industries.

In the agricultural sector, reducing dependence on imported fertilizers through greater domestic production and effective implementation of initiatives such as the Soil Health Card Scheme can help mitigate vulnerabilities arising from global carbon regulations.

Enhancing International Cooperation

At the global level, India must actively advocate for technology transfer, climate finance, and phased implementation of carbon-related trade measures. International negotiations should seek to ensure that developing countries receive adequate support during the transition toward greener production systems.

Such cooperation is crucial to prevent environmental regulations from becoming indirect barriers to economic growth and development.

Conclusion

The European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) represents a major shift in the relationship between climate policy and international trade. While the mechanism seeks to encourage cleaner production and reduce global emissions, it also creates significant economic pressures for developing countries such as India.

The challenge before India is not merely adapting to a carbon-constrained trading environment but doing so in a manner that safeguards industrial growth, export competitiveness, food security, and developmental objectives. Achieving this balance will require a combination of green investments, industrial modernisation, renewable energy expansion, and fair international cooperation.

 

Despite India's remarkable progress in digital governance, Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) systems, and welfare delivery mechanisms, disability pensions continue to remain fragmented, inadequate, and uneven across States. While technological infrastructure has significantly improved, social security support for Persons with Disabilities (PwDs) has not kept pace with the principles of equality, dignity, and inclusion envisioned by the Constitution and the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwD) Act, 2016.

Current Status of Disability Welfare in India

According to the 2011 Census, India had approximately 2.68 crore Persons with Disabilities (PwDs), representing about 2.21% of the population. However, recent estimates indicate that the number may now range between 4.5 and 6 crore due to population growth, increased life expectancy, and changing health conditions.

A significant milestone in disability rights was the enactment of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwD) Act, 2016, which expanded the recognized categories of disabilities from 7 to 21 and guaranteed rights related to equality, education, employment, accessibility, social security, and non-discrimination.

Several government initiatives have been launched to support PwDs. These include the Unique Disability ID (UDID) Project, which aims to create a comprehensive national database of persons with disabilities, and the Accessible India Campaign (Sugamya Bharat Abhiyan), which seeks to improve accessibility in public infrastructure and services. The Indira Gandhi National Disability Pension Scheme (IGNDPS) provides income support, while programmes such as PM-DAKSH focus on skill development and livelihood opportunities.

However, despite these efforts, disability pensions remain highly inadequate. In many States, beneficiaries receive only ₹300–₹500 per month, an amount insufficient to meet even basic living expenses.

Major Challenges in the Existing Pension System

Fragmented and Unequal Pension Structure

One of the most significant challenges is the absence of a uniform national framework. Pension amounts, eligibility criteria, and implementation procedures vary widely across States, resulting in considerable disparities. Consequently, persons with similar disabilities often receive vastly different levels of support depending solely on their State of residence, undermining the constitutional principle of equality before law.

Inadequate Financial Assistance

The existing pension amounts are far below the actual costs associated with disability. Persons with disabilities frequently incur additional expenditures related to healthcare, assistive devices, mobility support, rehabilitation services, and caregiving needs. The current pension structure fails to provide meaningful income security.

Administrative Complexity

Disability welfare administration involves multiple departments and agencies responsible for certification, verification, approval, and benefit delivery. This fragmented arrangement often leads to bureaucratic delays, exclusion errors, duplication, and weak accountability mechanisms.

Low Public Expenditure

India currently spends only around 0.02% of GDP on disability welfare. This level of expenditure is significantly lower than that of many developing and developed countries, reflecting the relatively low priority accorded to disability-related social protection.

Rights-Based Deficit

Although the RPwD Act recognizes disability rights, disability pensions continue to operate largely as a welfare assistance programme rather than an enforceable social security entitlement. This approach falls short of the broader objective of ensuring dignity, equality, and independent living for PwDs.

Why Disability Pensions Are an Economic Necessity

Disability pensions should not be viewed merely as welfare expenditure but as a form of social investment.

Studies by the World Bank and UNDP suggest that low- and middle-income countries lose between 3% and 7% of GDP due to the exclusion of persons with disabilities from education, employment, and social protection systems. Such exclusion reduces productivity, limits human capital development, and increases poverty.

Providing adequate income support can generate positive economic outcomes. Disability pensions improve household consumption, enhance economic resilience, reduce poverty, and encourage greater participation in the labour market. Research indicates that social protection programmes often have fiscal multipliers ranging between 1.4 and 1.6, meaning that every rupee spent generates broader economic activity.

A study by Pro Bono Economics (2025) found that the socio-economic benefits of disability income support exceed programme costs by nearly 48%, demonstrating that disability pensions are not merely welfare measures but instruments of economic growth, social inclusion, and human capital development.

Case for a Minimum Universal Disability Pension Floor Rate (MUDPFR)

To address existing disparities, experts have proposed the establishment of a Minimum Universal Disability Pension Floor Rate (MUDPFR).

Under this framework, every eligible person with disability would receive a nationally guaranteed minimum pension regardless of where they reside. States would remain free to provide additional top-up benefits according to their fiscal capacity and local priorities.

Such a system would ensure a basic level of income security across the country while preserving the flexibility of States to offer enhanced support.

Constitutional and Legal Foundations

The proposal for a universal disability pension is firmly rooted in India's constitutional and legal framework.

Article 14 guarantees equality before law, while Article 21 protects the right to life with dignity. Furthermore, Article 41 directs the State to provide public assistance in cases of disability and other forms of vulnerability.

The RPwD Act, 2016, particularly Section 24, explicitly recognizes the right of persons with disabilities to social security and pension support. Therefore, a nationally guaranteed disability pension would strengthen the realization of these constitutional and statutory commitments.

Global Best Practices

Several countries have already adopted nationally uniform disability support systems.

South Africa provides income support through the National Disability Grant. Brazil operates the Benefício de Prestação Continuada (BPC), while Australia and New Zealand have comprehensive national disability pension schemes. Countries such as Kenya, Rwanda, Thailand, and Indonesia have also implemented national disability assistance programmes.

These experiences demonstrate that centrally defined standards improve uniformity, portability, transparency, accountability, and social inclusion.

Need for Institutional Reform: National Disability Pension Authority (NDPA)

A successful universal disability pension system would require strong institutional support. For this purpose, India could establish a dedicated National Disability Pension Authority (NDPA).

The authority would develop uniform eligibility criteria, maintain a National Disability Registry, integrate UDID, Aadhaar, and DBT platforms, and ensure portability of benefits across States. It would also provide an effective grievance redressal mechanism and monitor implementation outcomes at both national and State levels.

Such an institution would improve efficiency, reduce exclusion errors, and enhance accountability.

Linking Pensions with Employment and Skills

International experience shows that disability pensions are most effective when integrated with employment and livelihood programmes.

India can strengthen convergence between disability pensions and initiatives such as PM-DAKSH, the National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS), employer incentive programmes, accessible workplace policies, and assistive technology support systems.

This approach would enable many PwDs to transition from dependence to productive economic participation while still enjoying a basic social security guarantee.

Alignment with International Commitments

A universal disability pension framework would reinforce India's commitments under several international agreements.

These include the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD), Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 1.3 on social protection systems, the ILO Social Protection Floors Recommendation, and the commitment to inclusive growth reflected in the G20 New Delhi Leaders' Declaration.

Way Forward

India has already demonstrated its capacity to deliver welfare benefits at an unprecedented scale through Aadhaar-enabled DBT, UPI, PM-KISAN, food security programmes, and health insurance schemes. The technological infrastructure required for a universal disability pension system already exists.

The challenge is no longer technological capability but policy prioritisation and political commitment. Establishing a Minimum Universal Disability Pension Floor Rate would provide basic income security, reduce interstate disparities, uphold dignity and equality, and strengthen India's commitment to inclusive development.

Conclusion

Disability pensions in India must evolve from fragmented welfare assistance into a rights-based social security entitlement. A nationally guaranteed Minimum Universal Disability Pension Floor Rate (MUDPFR) would ensure that every person with disability receives a minimum level of financial support regardless of geography.