Recently, the Delhi government in collaboration with the Indian Institute of Technology Madras has initiated studies on “smog-eating” photocatalytic coatings for roads. The aim is to explore innovative solutions to tackle worsening air pollution, particularly in urban environments like Delhi.

About Smog-Eating Photocatalytic Coating

Smog-eating photocatalytic coating is a special surface treatment applied to roads and buildings that helps in reducing air pollution by breaking down harmful pollutants.

It is mainly designed to neutralise gases such as nitrogen dioxide and volatile organic compounds, which are major contributors to toxic urban smog.

A key material used in this coating is titanium dioxide, which is widely preferred because it is low-cost, chemically stable, and compatible with conventional construction materials.

The coating uses titanium dioxide-based photocatalysis to actively reduce air pollutants in the environment.

Working Mechanism

The working principle of this coating is based on photocatalysis, where light energy triggers a chemical reaction on the coated surface.

When sunlight falls on titanium dioxide, it activates a reaction that breaks down harmful pollutants into less harmful or harmless substances. This process helps in reducing both air and surface pollution over time.

The coating works by using solar energy to convert toxic pollutants into non-toxic compounds.

Concept of Smog

Smog refers to a type of air pollution formed by the combination of smoke and fog, resulting in reduced visibility and harmful air quality. It is not a single pollutant but a mixture of several atmospheric contaminants formed under specific environmental conditions.

Smog is broadly classified into two types:

1. Sulfurous Smog

This type is caused by high concentrations of sulphur oxides in the atmosphere. It is mainly associated with the burning of sulphur-rich fossil fuels like coal and is more common in industrial regions.

2. Photochemical Smog

This type occurs in urban areas with high vehicular emissions. It is formed when sunlight reacts with pollutants such as nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons, leading to the formation of harmful secondary pollutants like ozone.

Photochemical smog is a major urban problem linked to vehicle emissions and sunlight-driven chemical reactions.

Significance of the Technology

The development of smog-eating coatings offers a promising approach to urban air quality management. Instead of only controlling emissions at the source, this technology helps in actively cleaning the air at the surface level.

If scaled effectively, it can complement existing pollution control measures such as emission norms and public transport improvements.

This technology provides a proactive and surface-level method of reducing urban air pollution.

Conclusion

The smog-eating photocatalytic coating initiative led by the Delhi government and Indian Institute of Technology Madras reflects an innovative approach to addressing air pollution. By using light-activated materials like titanium dioxide, it offers a scientific method to reduce harmful gases in urban environments.

Recently, the Cabinet Committee on Security met under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister of India to review the evolving global situation, particularly in the context of the West Asia conflict. The meeting focused on assessing national security concerns and mitigation measures across sectors.

The CCS is the highest decision-making body on national security in India.

About the Cabinet Committee on Security

The Cabinet Committee on Security is a specialised committee of the Union Cabinet responsible for taking crucial decisions related to defence, national security, and strategic affairs.

It is chaired by the Prime Minister and plays a central role in shaping India’s policies on internal and external security, defence expenditure, and strategic planning.

CCS decisions have a direct impact on India’s defence preparedness and geopolitical strategy.

Historical Evolution

The origins of the CCS can be traced back to 1947, when a similar committee was formed under Jawaharlal Nehru in the early years of independence. At that time, it included key leaders such as Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Defence Minister Baldev Singh.

However, the modern structure of the CCS took shape after the Kargil War, when the need for a more robust and coordinated national security framework became evident.

The Kargil War led to the formalisation of CCS as a high-powered national security body.

Composition of CCS

The CCS is chaired by the Prime Minister and typically includes the following key members:

• Home Minister

• Defence Minister

• Finance Minister

• External Affairs Minister

The National Security Advisor (NSA) acts as a key coordinator, while the Cabinet Secretariat manages records and proceedings.

The CCS brings together top political leadership for coordinated decision-making on security issues.

Functions and Responsibilities

The CCS deals with a wide range of critical issues related to national security. Its responsibilities include decisions on:

• Defence policy and military preparedness

• Foreign affairs and strategic relations

• Intelligence and internal security matters

• Nuclear and space policies

• Major appointments in national security institutions

It also plays a decisive role in approving defence acquisitions and high-level strategic initiatives.

The CCS acts as the apex authority for all major security and strategic decisions in India.

Significance in Governance

The importance of the CCS lies in its ability to ensure swift, coordinated, and confidential decision-making in matters of national importance. In times of crisis, such as wars or geopolitical tensions, it serves as the central body for policy direction and response strategy.

The CCS ensures national security decisions are taken at the highest level with strategic coherence.

Conclusion

The Cabinet Committee on Security remains a cornerstone of India’s governance framework in matters of defence and security. Its evolution over time reflects India’s growing strategic needs and global role.

Recently, tributes were paid to Guru Angad Dev on the occasion of his Jyoti-Jyot Diwas, which marks his spiritual union with the divine. He holds a significant place in Sikh history as the second Guru of Sikhism, succeeding Guru Nanak Dev.

Early Life and Background

Guru Angad Dev was born on 31 March 1504 with the birth name Lahna in Matte-di-Sarai, located in present-day Punjab. His life took a transformative turn after becoming a devoted follower of Guru Nanak, who later appointed him as his successor in 1539.

He served as the second Sikh Guru from 1539 to 1552, playing a crucial role in shaping the early foundations of Sikhism.

His leadership ensured the continuity and consolidation of Guru Nanak’s teachings.

Key Contributions of Guru Angad Dev

1. Introduction of Gurmukhi Script

One of his most significant contributions was the development and promotion of the Gurmukhi script, which helped standardise the Punjabi language. This made religious teachings more accessible to the common people.

The Gurmukhi script became the foundation of Sikh literature and identity.

2. Promotion of Education and Literacy

Guru Angad Dev actively promoted education by establishing schools, particularly at Khadur Sahib, where children were taught Gurmukhi. His efforts significantly improved literacy among Sikhs.

He emphasised education as a tool for social and spiritual empowerment.

3. Spread of Sikh Teachings

He worked tirelessly to spread the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev across regions. By establishing numerous Sangats (religious congregations), he strengthened the organisational structure of Sikhism.

Expansion of Sangats helped in institutionalising Sikhism as a community-based faith.

4. Strengthening the Langar System

Guru Angad Dev further developed the Langar system, originally started by Guru Nanak. This community kitchen promoted equality, service, and social harmony by encouraging people from all backgrounds to eat together.

Langar became a symbol of social equality and inclusiveness.

5. Emphasis on Physical and Moral Discipline

He encouraged physical fitness through activities like wrestling and sports, while also stressing moral discipline, truthful living, and mental well-being.

His teachings balanced physical health with spiritual growth.

6. Literary Contributions

Guru Angad Dev composed 62 hymns, which are included in the Sikh holy scripture and reflect deep spiritual insights.

Conclusion

Guru Angad Dev played a pivotal role in shaping the early development of Sikhism. Through his contributions in language, education, social reform, and spiritual guidance, he strengthened the foundation laid by Guru Nanak.

Recent developments in West Asia highlight the strategic importance of the Litani River, as Israeli airstrikes reportedly destroyed the Qasmiyeh Bridge, a key crossing over the river in southern Lebanon. This incident underscores the river’s geopolitical and infrastructural significance in the region.

About Litani River

The Litani River is the largest and most important river in Lebanon, playing a central role in the country’s geography and economy. It originates near Baalbek and flows southwest through the fertile Bekaa Valley, which lies between the Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon mountain ranges.

As the river approaches Marjayoun, it takes a sharp westward turn and cuts through a deep gorge in the Lebanon Mountains before finally emptying into the Mediterranean Sea near Sidon.

The Litani River is entirely within Lebanon, making it crucial for the country’s internal water security.

Physical Features and Tributaries

The river is fed by several tributaries, including the Berdawni, Chtoura, and Qib Elias rivers, which contribute to its flow through the Bekaa Valley.

Its course includes a dramatic gorge, reaching depths of up to 275 meters, showcasing significant geographical variation.

The river’s flow through mountainous terrain and valleys makes it both geographically unique and strategically important.

Dams and Economic Importance

Several dams have been constructed on the Litani River, most notably the Qaraoun Dam (Albert Naqash Dam) and El Wauroun Dam. These dams play a crucial role in:

• Irrigation for agriculture

• Water supply for domestic use

• Hydroelectric power generation

The Litani River is a lifeline for Lebanon’s agriculture, water security, and energy needs.

Bekaa Valley – Key Features

The Bekaa Valley is a broad and fertile valley through which the Litani flows. It is one of Lebanon’s most important agricultural regions, containing nearly half of the country’s arable land.

However, agriculture here is less intensive compared to coastal regions due to lower rainfall and greater temperature variation.

The Bekaa Valley is central to Lebanon’s food production and rural economy.

Strategic Significance

The Litani River holds both economic and geopolitical importance. Its location in southern Lebanon makes it strategically sensitive, particularly in the context of regional conflicts. Infrastructure such as bridges over the river are vital for transportation and connectivity, which is why they often become targets during conflicts.

Control and accessibility of the Litani River region have strategic implications in regional security dynamics.

Conclusion

The Litani River is not only a key natural resource for Lebanon but also a strategically significant feature in West Asia. Its role in water supply, agriculture, energy, and regional geopolitics makes it an essential element in understanding both Lebanon’s economy and the broader conflict dynamics in the region

Recently, the Indian Council of Agricultural Research–Indian Veterinary Research Institute successfully produced indigenous Sahiwal cattle calves using advanced reproductive technologies such as ultrasound-guided ovum pick-up, in vitro fertilization, and embryo transfer (OPU–IVF–ET). This marks a significant step in scientific breeding and conservation of indigenous cattle breeds in India.

The use of modern biotechnology helps improve genetic quality and accelerate breeding of superior indigenous cattle.

About Sahiwal Cattle

Sahiwal cattle are regarded as one of the best indigenous milch (milk-producing) breeds in India. The breed derives its name from the Sahiwal region in present-day Pakistan.

They are also known by various local names such as Lambi Bar, Lola, Montgomery, Multani, and Teli, reflecting their wide historical presence.

In terms of appearance, Sahiwal cows are typically brownish-red in colour, with shades ranging from reddish-brown to greyish-red. Bulls usually have darker extremities, and occasionally, white patches may be seen.

The breed is known for a high average milk yield of about 2325 kg per lactation, with a range between 1600 and 2750 kg.

Sahiwal cattle combine high milk productivity with strong adaptability, making them highly valuable.

Key Characteristics of Sahiwal Cattle

Sahiwal cattle possess several unique features that make them ideal for tropical conditions. They are highly heat tolerant, which allows them to thrive in hot climates. Additionally, they show strong resistance to ticks and parasites, both internal and external.

These cattle are also known for their robust health and adaptability, which reduces maintenance costs for farmers. Due to these advantages, Sahiwal cattle have been exported to several countries in Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean.

Their disease resistance and climate adaptability make them crucial for sustainable dairy farming.

OPU–IVF Technology Explained

Ovum Pick-Up–In Vitro Fertilization (OPU–IVF) is an advanced reproductive biotechnology used to enhance animal breeding.

Ovum Pick-Up (OPU) involves collecting oocytes (eggs) directly from the ovaries of a live animal using a needle guided by ultrasonography. This process allows scientists to obtain eggs from animals with desirable genetic traits.

These oocytes are then matured and fertilized in a laboratory through in vitro fertilization (IVF). The resulting embryos are cultured and later transferred into surrogate animals to produce offspring.

An important advantage of this technique is that it can be performed even on pregnant animals (within early gestation), thereby significantly reducing the time between generations.

OPU–IVF technology enables rapid multiplication of superior genetic traits and faster breed improvement.

Significance of the Development

This achievement is highly significant for India’s livestock sector. It supports the conservation and improvement of indigenous breeds, which are often better adapted to local conditions than exotic breeds.

It also strengthens dairy productivity, enhances farmers’ incomes, and reduces dependence on imported genetic material. Moreover, such technologies contribute to sustainable and climate-resilient agriculture.

Scientific breeding techniques like OPU–IVF are key to boosting dairy efficiency while preserving indigenous genetic resources.

Conclusion

The successful use of OPU–IVF technology in Sahiwal cattle represents a major advancement in India’s animal husbandry sector. By combining traditional breed strengths with modern biotechnology, India can ensure both higher productivity and long-term sustainability in dairy farming

The Government of India has announced a full customs duty exemption on 40 critical petrochemical products until 30th June 2026. This decision has been taken to address cost pressures and supply chain disruptions caused by ongoing geopolitical tensions in West Asia.

What are Petrochemical Products?

Petrochemical products are fundamental chemical building blocks derived from petroleum or natural gas. They act as raw materials for nearly 95% of manufactured goods, including plastics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, and even renewable energy components.

These products are broadly classified into three main groups based on chemical structure: Olefins, BTX Aromatics, and Syngas.

Major Categories of Petrochemicals

1. Olefins (Alkanes)

Olefins are the most widely produced petrochemicals and are primarily used in plastics and synthetic rubber production.

Ethylene is the key raw material for polyethylene (PE), which is used in packaging, bottles, and films. Propylene is used to produce polypropylene (PP), which is widely used in automotive parts, textiles, and heat-resistant containers. Butadiene is essential for manufacturing synthetic rubber, particularly for tyres and industrial components.

2. BTX Aromatics

BTX refers to benzene, toluene, and xylenes, which are ring-shaped hydrocarbons used in high-value industrial products. Benzene is used in textiles and industrial packaging. Toluene is commonly used as a high-octane fuel additive and solvent in paints. Xylenes are used in producing PET (polyethylene terephthalate), which is used for water bottles and polyester clothing.

3. Synthesis Gas (Syngas)

Syngas is a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen used to produce fertilizers and chemical intermediates.

Ammonia, derived from syngas, is the foundation of nitrogen-based fertilizers like urea and plays a critical role in global food security. Methanol is a versatile chemical used as a solvent, fuel additive, and in the production of formaldehyde and plastics.

Economic and Strategic Importance

Petrochemicals account for approximately 12–14% of global oil demand, making them a rapidly growing segment of the energy sector. Production is concentrated in regions with access to low-cost feedstocks such as ethane from natural gas or naphtha from crude oil refining.

Objective and Coverage of the Customs Exemption

The exemption provides temporary and targeted relief to downstream industries by ensuring the availability of key inputs such as methanol, styrene, toluene, and anhydrous ammonia. These inputs have seen price increases due to geopolitical disruptions, including conflicts in West Asia.

This measure primarily benefits industries such as plastics, textiles, pharmaceuticals, automotive components, and chemicals, helping stabilize production costs and prevent inflation in consumer goods.

What is Customs Duty?

Customs duty is a tax imposed on goods imported into or exported from a country, governed in India by the Customs Act 1962 and the Customs Tariff Act 1975. It serves not only as a revenue source but also as a tool to protect domestic industries, regulate trade, and ensure compliance with safety and environmental standards.

Types of Customs Duties

Customs duties are broadly classified into ad valorem duties (based on percentage of value), specific duties (based on quantity), and compound duties (a combination of both). Additional duties include anti-dumping duties, countervailing duties, and protective duties.

The duty is calculated on the assessable value, which is typically based on the Cost, Insurance, and Freight (CIF) method. The formula used is:
Customs Duty = Assessable Value × Duty Rate.

Recent Reforms

Recent reforms under the Union Budget 2026–27 include a reduction in customs duty on goods imported for personal use from 20% to 10%. Additionally, customs duty has been fully exempted on 17 cancer drugs and medicines for 7 rare diseases, reflecting a focus on healthcare affordability.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the customs duty exemption on petrochemicals is a strategic response to global supply chain disruptions and rising input costs. Petrochemicals themselves are vital to modern industry, forming the base of plastics, fertilizers, textiles, and pharmaceuticals.

The Union Government recently deferred discussion on the FCRA Amendment Bill, 2026, sparking political controversy, particularly in the context of the upcoming Kerala Assembly elections.

About the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA)

The FCRA is a key legislation that regulates the acceptance and utilisation of foreign funds by individuals, NGOs, and associations operating in India.The FCRA ensures that foreign contributions do not compromise India’s national interest, sovereignty, or public order.

Administration and Oversight

• The FCRA is administered by the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA).

• It monitors registration of NGOs, approval of foreign funding, and compliance with reporting requirements.

Need for the Foreign Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA)

The FCRA was enacted to regulate foreign contributions in India, ensuring that such funds are used responsibly and do not compromise the country’s sovereignty, integrity, or security. NGOs and associations must obtain licensing or prior approval from the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) to accept foreign funds legally.

Key Reasons for the FCRA

1. Regulation of Foreign Donations:

   • Ensures that foreign contributions are utilised responsibly.

   • Prevents allocation of funds to illegal or anti-national activities.

2. Protection of National Interests:

   • Safeguards India’s sovereignty, territorial integrity, and national security.

   • Prevents external influence that could interfere with internal affairs.

3. Oversight on Utilisation:

   • Establishes a licensed regime to monitor the acceptance and usage of foreign contributions.

   • Ensures that contributions are spent for charitable and approved purposes only.

4. Mandatory Licensing:

   • NGOs must obtain FCRA registration or prior permission from the MHA.

   • Accepting foreign funds without approval is illegal, and violators face penalties.

Impact of the FCRA

The FCRA enforces strict compliance and has mechanisms to revoke licences in cases of violations, misuse, or activities threatening national security.

Key Impacts

1. Non-Compliance Issues:

   • Licences are revoked if NGOs fail to submit mandatory reports or misuse funds.

2. Activities Against National Interest:

   • Licences can be cancelled if NGOs are involved in actions detrimental to India’s sovereignty or security.

3. Operational Challenges:

   • NGOs remaining non-operational for two consecutive years or becoming defunct risk losing their licences.

4. Stringent Regulations:

   • Violations such as providing false statements during registration or breaching licence conditions lead to licence cancellation.

5. License Cancellations:

   • Since 1976, over 20,701 licences have been cancelled, including prominent NGOs like Oxfam India.

   • As of April 3, 2024, 16,242 NGOs hold valid FCRA licences, while 14,396 licences have expired, showing the stringent regulatory oversight.

Evolution of the Foreign Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA)

The FCRA has evolved over time to regulate foreign contributions, reflecting India’s efforts to balance civil society funding with national security and sovereignty.

FCRA, 1976 – The Original Act

• Enacted during the Emergency period, primarily to regulate foreign influence in India’s politics, media, and civil society.

• Aimed to prevent external powers from using funding to influence domestic affairs.

FCRA, 2010 – Current Framework

• Replaced the 1976 Act to strengthen regulation and improve transparency.

• Focused on preventing misuse of foreign funds while enabling NGOs and associations to legally receive foreign contributions.

• Reflects India’s increasing oversight of civil society funding in a globalized context, balancing international cooperation with national interests.

Key Features of FCRA, 2010

1. Registration Requirement

• Mandatory for NGOs, associations, and individuals receiving foreign contributions.

• Ensures that only authorised entities can access foreign funds.

2. Two Routes for Receiving Funds

• Registration: Permanent approval for eligible entities.

• Prior Permission: Case-specific approval for receiving funds without permanent registration.

3. Permitted Uses of Foreign Funds

• Allowed for social, educational, cultural, economic, and religious activities.

• Ensures funds are used for developmental and charitable purposes.

4. Prohibited Categories

• Certain individuals and entities cannot receive foreign contributions, including:

  • Election candidates

  • Journalists (in specific contexts)

  • Judges

  • Government servants

  • Legislators

  • Political parties

5. Compliance Requirements

• Maintain a separate bank account for foreign contributions.

• Keep proper accounts and records of all funds received and spent.

• File annual returns with the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA).

Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA), 2010

The FCRA, 2010 regulates the receipt and utilization of foreign contributions by individuals, associations, and companies operating in India. Its primary aim is to ensure that foreign donations do not compromise the nation’s sovereignty, integrity, or internal security.

Key Amendments to FCRA

1. Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Amendment Act, 2020

The 2020 amendment introduced several important changes to strengthen regulation and oversight:

• Prohibition on Transfers: Foreign contributions cannot be transferred to another individual, association, or registered company.

• Mandatory Aadhaar: Office bearers of NGOs must provide Aadhaar, passport, or OCI card for registration purposes.

• FCRA Account Requirement: Foreign contributions must be received only in a designated SBI branch in New Delhi.

• Reduced Administrative Expenses: Limits on administrative spending were reduced from 50% to 20% of foreign funds.

• License Renewal Checks: The government can conduct inquiries before renewing certificates to check for fictitious entities or misuse of funds.

• Suspension Extension: Registration suspension can initially be enforced for 180 days and can be extended by an additional 180 days if needed.

• Surrender of Certificate: Entities can surrender their FCRA certificate after government approval.

• Utilization Restrictions: The government may restrict unutilized foreign contributions based on inquiry findings.

2. Foreign Contribution Regulation (Amendment) Rules, 2022

The 2022 rules were introduced to further strengthen safeguards against misuse of foreign contributions:

• Protection of National Interests: The rules ensure that foreign contributions cannot be used for activities that harm national interests.

• Remittance from Relatives: Indians can now receive up to ?10 lakh annually from relatives abroad without notifying the authorities, up from the previous limit of ?1 lakh.

• Operational Clarity: These rules provide clear guidelines for the legal acceptance and utilization of foreign funds.

Significance of Amendments

• Enhanced Oversight: Aadhaar-based verification and SBI account restrictions improve transparency and traceability.

• Prevent Misuse: Reduced administrative expense limits and restrictions on transfers prevent funds from being diverted for non-charitable purposes.

• Ease for Personal Remittances: The increase in the annual remittance limit for relatives allows greater personal financial flexibility.

• Alignment with National Security: All changes ensure foreign contributions do not undermine India’s sovereignty or internal security.

Key Provisions of FCRA Amendment Bill, 2026

1. Creation of ‘Designated Authority’

The Central Government may appoint a Designated Authority to take over and manage assets or funds of NGOs.

• The authority can act when an NGO’s registration is cancelled, surrendered, or expired.

2. Asset Management Framework

The bill addresses gaps in asset handling by introducing:

• Clear rules for asset management, including penalties and timelines.

• Framework for handling NGO funds when registrations lapse or are denied.

3. Conditions for Cessation of Registration

• Registration is deemed ceased if the NGO fails to apply for renewal, renewal is denied, or the certificate is not renewed before expiry.

4. Control Over Assets

• The Designated Authority may return funds if registration is later restored.

• If an NGO fails to renew and becomes defunct, the authority can permanently take over its assets.

• Assets may be transferred to government bodies or disposed of via sale.

5. Religious Institutions

• For places of worship, the authority may manage operations, ensuring that the religious character of the institution is preserved.

Key Issues and Concerns

1. Excessive Centralisation of Power

• The creation of a Designated Authority with wide-ranging powers risks executive overreach.

• Institutional checks and balances are weakened.

2. Threat to NGO Autonomy

• NGOs may lose control over funds, assets, and operations, affecting the independence of civil society actors.

• Even procedural delays could lead to loss of assets and disruption of activities.

3. Impact on Minority Institutions

• There is a perception of disproportionate impact on minority organizations, raising concerns about Article 25–30 (religious freedom).

4. Impact on Welfare and Development

• NGOs provide critical services in health, education, and disaster relief.

• Funding or asset disruptions may affect vulnerable populations who depend on these services.

5. Legal Ambiguity

• The bill introduces risk due to automatic asset takeover in case of delayed renewals.

• Significant administrative discretion can create uncertainty for NGOs.

Conclusion and Way Forward

• The FCRA Amendment Bill, 2026 reflects the tension between national security concerns and civil society autonomy.

• While regulation of foreign funds is essential for sovereignty and security, excessive control may weaken democratic institutions.

• A balanced approach is required:

  • Clear timelines for renewal decisions.

  • Independent oversight of the Designated Authority.

  • Safeguards for NGO autonomy and protection of religious freedom.

• The goal is to strike a balance between national security and democratic freedoms.