Context: The Central Zoo Authority has allowed the Odisha government to carry out the planned transfer of a cheetah, African lion and Chimpanzee from Dubai Safari Park (DSP) to Nandankanan Zoological Park (NZP), Bhubaneswar. The CZA has asked the wildlife wing of the State Forest and Environment Department to keep requisite housing facilities ready in accordance with its guideline.

News:                                                                                  

• The Nandankanan Zoological Park (NZP) is set to receive a variety of new animals, including ring-tailed lemurs, red-necked wallabies, Hamadryas baboons, African grey parrots, and blue-and-gold macaws from the Dubai Safari Park (DSP).
•  In return, the NZP will provide hippos, blackbucks, hog deer, gaurs, red junglefowl, and gharials to the DSP.
• The Central Zoo Authority (CZA) has directed the government to follow quarantine and health screening  guidelines, revisit the acquisition, housing, and breeding of color morphs, and adhere to COVID-19 protocols. The exchange of animals should be completed within one year.
• The NZP is known for its high daily footfalls and notable exhibits, such as white tigers and successful pangolin breeding.

• Central Zoo Authority

• The Central Zoo Authority (CZA) is a statutory body operating under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, established in 1992 through the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
• Chaired by the Environment Minister, it comprises 10 members and a member-secretary. The primary aim of the authority is to enhance and reinforce the national conservation efforts for diverse biodiversity.
• The CZA plays a crucial role in accrediting zoos and overseeing their operations nationwide. It formulates guidelines and regulations for the transfer of animals between zoos, both domestically and internationally.
• Additionally, the CZA is involved in coordinating and executing initiatives related to capacity building for zoo personnel, planned breeding programs, and ex-situ research.

Cheetah

• The cheetah has a significant historical presence in India, with evidence of a Neolithic cave painting depicting a "slender spotted feline being hunted" found in Chaturbunj Nala, Mandsaur, Madhya Pradesh.
• The name "cheetah" is derived from the Sanskrit term "Chitrak," meaning "the spotted one."
• The cheetah was believed to have vanished from the Indian landscape in 1947, facing brutal killings and hunting. The Indian government officially declared the cheetah extinct in 1952.
• Since the 1940s, the cheetah has faced extinction in 14 other countries, including Jordan, Iraq, Israel, Morocco, Syria, Oman, Tunisia, Saudi Arabia, Djibouti, Ghana, Nigeria, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, and Afghanistan.

African and Asiatic lion

Nandankanan Zoological Park

• Nandankanan Zoological Park, situated near Bhubaneswar, Odisha, is named "The Garden of Heaven."
• Unlike typical zoos, Nandankanan is uniquely positioned within a forest, providing a natural habitat for its wildlife.
• The park actively participates in the conservation breeding of White-backed vultures, being one of six contributing zoos.
• Noteworthy features of Nandankanan include being the first zoo globally to breed both White and Melanistic tigers.
• White Tigers, distinct due to a recessive gene, result from breeding two Bengal tigers carrying this gene.
• Melanistic Tigers, characterized by black stripes, are a rare genetic occurrence due to increased melanin pigment.
• Nandankanan is the exclusive conservation breeding center for Indian Pangolins worldwide.
• It holds the distinction of being the only Indian zoo to attain institutional membership in the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA).
• Gharials successfully bred in captivity for the first time globally at Nandankanan in 1980.
• The park achieved a landmark by witnessing the birth of the endangered Ratel in captivity, a first in Indian zoos.
• Nandankanan boasts the second-largest heronry for Open Billed Storks in Odisha.

Context: The World Health Organization (WHO) on December 15, 2023 added one of the world’s most underrecognised health challenges, noma, to its official list of neglected tropical diseases (NTD).

Context: The World Health Organization (WHO) on December 15, 2023 added one of the world’s most underrecognised health challenges, noma, to its official list of neglected tropical diseases (NTD).

cent. It is also associated with extreme poverty, malnutrition and poor access to sanitation and oral hygiene. 

About Noma:

Also Known As: Cancrum oris or gangrenous stomatitis (World Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD) Day).

Etymology: The name "noma" is derived from the Greek word "nomē," meaning "to devour," reflecting the disease's ability to consume facial tissue and bones if not treated promptly.

Risk Factors:

Poor oral hygiene, malnutrition, weakened immune systems, infections, and extreme poverty are associated with Noma.

Severity:

A severe gangrenous disease affecting the mouth and face, with a high mortality rate of approximately 90 percent.

Demographics:

• Primarily affects children aged 2-6 years, prevalent in poor communities.
• While not contagious, Noma tends to strike when the body's defenses are compromised.

Onset and Causes:

• Begins with gum inflammation and is believed to be caused by bacteria present in the mouth.
• Can also manifest in immunocompromised adults due to conditions like HIV, leukemia, and other diseases.

Global Presence:

Prevalent in Africa, Asia and Asia-Pacific, the Americas, the Middle East, and Europe.

Treatment:

• Involves a prescribed course of widely available antibiotics.
• Provides guidance and support for practices to enhance oral hygiene.
• Includes the use of disinfectant mouthwash and nutritional supplements.

Context: The increase in tiger numbers in the Valmiki Tiger Reserve in Bihar was facilitated by diminished human activity, including bans on mining.

In VTR, the status of tiger conservation has seen significant improvements:

Mining Restrictions: Strict measures, including a complete ban on sand and stone mining within VTR, along with rigorous restrictions on mining activities in its eco-sensitive zone, have been implemented. This has led to a notable increase in grassland cover.

Tiger Population Growth: The tiger population within the protected area has witnessed a substantial increase. In 2023, the number of tigers rose to 54, marking a significant growth from 31 in 2018 and 28 in 2014.

Recognition by NTCA: The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) has recognized and acclaimed the Reserve for the commendable 75% rise in tiger numbers. Additionally, the conservation efforts have earned VTR a categorization of 'Very Good' by the NTCA.

Note: Bihar has set a goal to establish its second tiger reserve in the Kaimur district by the year 2024.

Valmiki Tiger Reserve in Bihar:

• Geographical Location: Positioned at the India-Nepal border in Bihar's West Champaran district.
• Biogeographic Zone: Situated in the Gangetic Plains biogeographic zone.
• Himalayan Terai Forests:  Marks the easternmost extent of the Himalayan Terai forests in India. Sole tiger reserve in Bihar.
• Constituent Areas: Comprises Valmiki National Park and Valmiki Wildlife Sanctuary.
• Surrounding Features: Bordered by Nepal's Royal Chitwan National Park to the north. Flanked by the river Gandak on the western side.
• River Systems: Rivers Gandak, Pandai, Manor, Harha, Masan, and Bhapsa traverse various sections of the reserve.
• Forest Characteristics: Exhibits a blend of bhabar and terai tracts.
• Vegetation Types: Encompasses Moist mixed deciduous, Open-land vegetation, Sub-mountainous semi-evergreen formation, Freshwater  swamps, Riparian fringes, Alluvial grasslands, high hill savannah, and Wetlands.
• Floral Diversity: Notable flora includes Sal, rohini, sihor, teak, bamboo, semal, Mandar, shisham, Jamun, Gular, etc.
• Rich Fauna: Large predators like Tigers, Leopards, and Indian Wild Dogs. Presence of Leopard cat, fishing cat, Deer species (sambar, barking deer, hog deer), etc.

Context: In a significant milestone, more than 5 crore ABHA accounts have been created during the ongoing Ayushman Bhava campaign. In addition, a total of 4,44,92,564 Ayushman cards have been generated and 1,15,923 Ayushman Sabha organized.

About the campaign

• Universal Health Coverage (UHC) Goal:  Ayushman Bhava follows a collaborative, multi-ministerial approach. Aligned with the motto "Sabka Saath Sabka Vikas," emphasizing inclusive healthcare access.
• Three Key Components of Ayushman Bhava:
  • Ayushman - Apke Dwar (AAD) 3.0: Enables eligible beneficiaries to create Ayushman cards, streamlining healthcare access.
  • Ayushman Melas at HWCs and CHCs: Weekly health melas and medical camps at Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs) and Community Health Clinics (CHCs). Prioritize super-specialty healthcare services, screenings, tele-consultations, free medicines, and diagnostics.

    Ayushman Sabhas: Community-level assemblies led by Village Health and Sanitation Committee (VHSNC) or Ward Committee/Municipal Advisory Committee (MAS). Ensure comprehensive health coverage and optimal healthcare service delivery.

• Ayushman Gram Panchayats: Gram Panchayats achieving healthcare objectives attain Ayushman Gram Panchayat status. Encourages local participation and dedication.

Context: Indian scientists have indigenously developed organic-inorganic halide perovskite self-powered broadband photodetector with partial substitution of lead by magnesium which can be useful for solar energy generation.

News:

Introduction of Eco-Friendly Alternative:

• The research address issues with toxic lead in organic-inorganic halide perovskite (MAPbI3).
• It propose an eco-friendly alternative by substituting toxic lead (Pb2+) with non-toxic and abundant magnesium (Mg).

Photodetector Fabrication with Simplified Architecture:

• The researchers fabricate a photodetector with a simplified architecture (FTO/TiO2/Perovskite/Carbon).
• This differs from the traditional architecture (FTO/TiO2/Perovskite/HTL/Gold), eliminating the need for an expensive metal cathode (gold).
• The new configuration is economic and robust.

Significant Step Towards Lead Replacement:

• The innovative research represents a significant advancement in replacing toxic Pb2+ in perovskite optoelectronic devices.
• The demonstration of MAPb0.5Mg0.5Cl2I-based photodetectors highlights the potential of magnesium substitution.

Promoting Eco-Friendly and Sustainable Technologies:

• The study reinforces the commitment to developing eco-friendly and sustainable technologies.
• By replacing toxic lead with benign magnesium, the researchers offer a promising alternative for photodetectors and optoelectronic devices.

Paving the Way for a Greener Future:

• In the face of rising environmental concerns, the research contributes to a greener future in optoelectronics.
• The swap-out of toxic lead for magnesium aligns with the global drive for environmentally conscious technologies.

Photodetectors:

They are sensors that can convert the photon energy of light into electrical signal. They are absolutely necessary for various scientific implementations like fiber optic communication systems, process control, environmental sensing, safety and security, and also in defense-related applications.

Perovskite :

• Perovskite solar cells are cost-effective, lightweight, and exhibit higher efficiency compared to traditional silicon-based cells.
• Despite their advantages, perovskite solar cells encounter issues such as a decline in efficiency and energy output during the manufacturing process.
• Researchers have identified a specific aluminum oxide that minimizes the efficiency drop in perovskite solar cells during conditioning.
• Perovskite is recognized as a "miracle material" with transformative potential across various industries, especially in the field of renewable energy.
• Recent breakthroughs have led to the development of self-healing solar panels using perovskite.
• Combining perovskite with silicon in tandem cells has resulted in enhanced efficiency, showcasing its versatility and applicability in solar technologies.

Context: Natural anti-infective, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antithrombotic products derived from a wide range of easily SOURCEd mushrooms and their bioactive molecules have the potential to combat covid, according to a new paper.

News:

Bioactive Ingredients and Immune System Boost:

The COVID-19 pandemic prompted increased research on bioactive compounds to enhance the immune system's response to SARS-CoV-2.

Focus on Herbal Sources and Mushrooms:

Scientists globally turned attention to bioactive compounds from herbal Sources and edible mushrooms due to their accessibility, high antioxidant activity, nutritional value, and minimal side effects.

Mushrooms in North-East India:

North-East India is home to diverse edible mushrooms, drawing interest for their potential health benefits.

Bioactive Properties of Mushrooms:

Mushrooms contain bioactive polysaccharides and compounds with immunomodulating, antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal properties.

Advantages of Edible Mushrooms:

Edible mushrooms offer advantages such as being nutraceutical supplements with no side effects and acting as immunity boosters.

Mushroom

• Mushrooms, also referred to as toadstools, are the reproductive structures of fungi, characterized by fleshy and spore-bearing fruiting bodies.
• Typically found above ground, mushrooms grow on soil or their nutrient SOURCE.
• The term 'toadstool' is often used for fungi considered toxic, while 'mushroom' categorizes fungi deemed safe for consumption.
• Mushrooms lack chlorophyll, distinguishing them from plants, and they do not undergo photosynthesis.
• Instead of photosynthesis, mushrooms obtain nutrients either through the decomposition of organic matter or by forming symbiotic relationships with plants, especially through mycorrhizal fungi.

Nutritional Benefits of Mushrooms:

• Mushrooms offer nutritional advantages as they are low in calories and fat.
• Mushrooms are a good SOURCE of protein, fibre, and various essential vitamins and minerals.
• Essential nutrients include B vitamins (riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid) and minerals (selenium, potassium, copper).
• Mushrooms contain various beneficial compounds, including antioxidants and anti-inflammatory substances.
• These compounds contribute to potential health benefits.
• The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in mushrooms may aid in protecting against chronic diseases.
• Conditions such as heart disease, cancer, and Alzheimer’s disease may be mitigated by the consumption of mushrooms.
• Certain mushroom species, like shiitake mushrooms, are renowned for their potential health benefits.
• Some mushrooms have a history of use in traditional medicine for their potential medicinal properties.
• For instance, reishi mushrooms are believed to enhance the immune system and possess anti-inflammatory characteristics.
• Lion’s mane mushrooms have properties that may enhance brain function and support nerve regeneration.

Context: The Washington Post and human rights non-profit Amnesty International have alleged that the spyware instance known as Pegasus continues to be in use, on this occasion targeting journalists in India. Based on newfound data the two organisations have said the phones of founding editor of The Wire, Siddharth Varadarajan, and South Asia editor of the Organised Crime and Corruption Report Project (OCCRP) Anand Mangnale were infected with the spyware.

Pegasus:

• It is a form of malicious software, categorized as spyware, with the primary purpose of infiltrating devices without the user's knowledge to collect personal information.
• Developed by the Israeli company NSO Group, established in 2010, Pegasus was initially discovered in 2016, using spear-phishing techniques such as deceptive text messages or emails to trick users into clicking malicious links.
• Over time, NSO Group has enhanced Pegasus's capabilities, enabling more sophisticated attacks. Notably, Pegasus now employs "zero-click" attacks, which require no interaction from the phone's owner to succeed.
• Zero-click attacks often exploit "zero-day" vulnerabilities, referring to flaws or bugs in an operating system that the device manufacturer is unaware of and hasn't addressed, making them potent tools for infiltration.

Recent Cybersecurity Initiatives in India:

Cyber Surakshit Bharat Initiative (2018):

Launched in 2018 to raise awareness about cybercrime.

Aims to build capacity for safety measures among Chief Information Security Officers (CISOs) and frontline IT staff across government departments.

National Cybersecurity Coordination Centre (NCCC - 2017):

Developed in 2017 to scan internet traffic and communication metadata for real-time detection of cyber threats.

Cyber Swachhta Kendra (2017):

Introduced in 2017, this platform enables internet users to clean their devices by removing viruses and malware.

Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C):

Recently inaugurated by the government.

National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal:

Launched nationwide to facilitate the reporting of cybercrime incidents.

Computer Emergency Response Team - India (CERT-IN):

Nodal agency dealing with cybersecurity threats such as hacking and phishing.

Legislation:

Information Technology Act, 2000:

Key legislation addressing various aspects of cybersecurity.

Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019:

Legislation focused on safeguarding personal data.

International Mechanisms:

International Telecommunication Union (ITU):

• Specialized agency within the United Nations leading in standardization and development of telecommunications and cybersecurity issues.

Budapest Convention on Cybercrime:

• International treaty addressing Internet and computer crime.
• Aims to harmonize national laws, improve investigative techniques, and enhance global cooperation.
• Came into force on July 1, 2004.
• India is not a signatory to this convention.

Types of cyber attacks

Malware:  a contraction of malicious software, encompasses various types designed to harm computers, servers, or networks, including ransomware, spyware, worms, viruses, and Trojans.

Phishing : involves attempting to collect personal information through deceptive emails and websites, tricking individuals into divulging sensitive data.

Denial-of-Service (DoS) : attacks aim to render a machine or network inaccessible by flooding it with traffic or triggering a crash.

Man-in-the-middle (MitM) attacks: occur when attackers insert themselves into a two-party transaction, allowing them to intercept and steal data.

SQL Injection : targets servers that use Structured Query Language (SQL) to manage data, using malicious code to extract information from databases.

Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) : involves injecting malicious code into a website, which runs in the user's browser upon visiting the site, attacking the user directly.

Social Engineering :relies on human interaction to deceive users into violating security procedures and revealing sensitive information.

Context: In a first but important step bringing relief to the families of eight former Indian Navy personnel on the death row in Qatar, the appellate court there commuted the death sentence Thursday. The commutation of the death sentence is the first legal win for New Delhi, almost a year-and-half after the detention and arrest of the former Indian Navy personnel in Qatar.

Background of the Case:

• The accused individuals, who were employed by Al Dahra in Doha, were arrested in Qatar in 2022, facing allegations of compromising sensitive information.
• Their employer, Dahra Global Technologies and Consultant Services, was associated with the production of advanced Italian-origin submarines known for their stealth capabilities.
• The specific charges against the eight Indian nationals have not been disclosed by Qatari authorities.
• Previous Legal Proceedings: The case underwent two trials in March and June of 2023. Despite being granted consular access on multiple occasions, both Indian and Qatari authorities have maintained a level of secrecy around the case, citing its sensitivity.
• The eight men had been working in their private capacity with Dahra Global to oversee the induction of Italian small stealth submarines U2I2. They were identified as Captain Navtej Singh Gill, Captain Birendra Kumar Verma, Captain Saurabh Vasisht, Commander Amit Nagpal, Commander Purnendu Tiwari, Commander Sugunakar Pakala, Commander Sanjeev Gupta and Sailor Ragesh.
• Days after the death penalty verdict, which India called “deeply shocking”, External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar met the family members of the eight men and assured them that the government attached “the highest importance” to the case.

Diplomatic Ramifications of the Situation:

Potential Strain in India-Qatar Relations: The court decision has the potential to create tension between India and Qatar. Given the substantial Indian migrant population in Qatar, this case may impact economic and diplomatic ties between the two nations.

Pressure on the Indian Government: With over seven lakh Indians in Qatar, there is a diplomatic urgency for the Indian government to take decisive action to safeguard the detainees. The contributions of Indian migrants in various sectors make their protection a priority.

Contributions and Reputation of Indian Expatriates: Indians in Qatar are recognized for their sincerity, hard work, technical expertise, and law-abiding nature. Their contributions are integral to the Qatari workforce and economy.

Economic Significance: Remittances from the Indian expatriate community in Qatar are substantial, estimated at around 750 million dollars annually. This financial flow holds economic importance for India.

First Major Crisis in Relations: This case marks the first significant crisis in the otherwise stable relationship between India and Qatar.

Previous High-Level Engagements: Both nations have previously participated in high-level meetings, with the Indian Prime Minister visiting Doha in 2016 and subsequent discussions with the Emir of Qatar.

Qatar's Role in India's Energy Sector: Qatar plays a vital role as a supplier of liquefied natural gas (LNG) to India. The country accounts for a substantial portion of India's LNG imports, further emphasizing the strategic importance of the bilateral relationship.

In what Cases was India Involved with the ICJ?

• Kulbhushan Jadhav Case (India Vs Pakistan)
• Right of Passage over Indian Territory (Portugal v. India, culminated 1960).
• Appeal Relating to the Jurisdiction of the ICAO Council (India v. Pakistan, culminated 1972).
• Trial of Pakistani Prisoners of War (Pakistan v. India, culminated 1973).
• Aerial Incident of 10 August 1999 (Pakistan v. India, culminated 2000).
• Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament (Marshall Islands v. India, culminated 2016).

QATAR

• Qatar is a small peninsula situated in the Arabian Gulf, surrounded by water on three sides, including the Arabian Gulf to the north, east, and west.
• Qatar shares its sole land border with Saudi Arabia, making entry or exit by land possible only through its border with Saudi Arabia.
• The capital city of Qatar is Doha, positioned on the eastern coast, serving as the primary center for business, culture, and tourism.
• Qatar experiences a desert climate characterized by hot summers and mild winters, translating to generally hot and dry weather with high temperatures in summer and cooler temperatures in winter.
• The marine surroundings of Qatar boast rich marine life, featuring coral reefs and various fish species, providing opportunities for activities like snorkeling, diving, and fishing.
• Qatar is home to man-made islands, such as The Pearl-Qatar and Lusail City, developed for residential, commercial, and recreational purposes, contributing to the country's urban landscape.
• Positioned strategically in the Middle East, Qatar serves as a significant transportation and trade hub, connecting air, sea, and land routes, facilitating international trade and travel.
• Qatar is a member of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and hosts the headquarters of various international organizations, including the Arab League, actively participating in regional and international affairs.

The Supreme Court has delivered several landmark judgments in 2023.

The Global Nuclear Order refers to the international system, agreements, norms, and structures that govern and regulate the use, possession, proliferation, and control of nuclear weapons and nuclear energy worldwide.

It encompasses a complex network of treaties, agreements, and norms that have evolved over time to manage the risks associated with nuclear weapons and promote nuclear stability, non-proliferation, disarmament, safety, and peaceful uses of nuclear technology.

About Global Nuclear Order (GNO)

• After Cuban Crisis: The Global Nuclear Order (GNO) was created after the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. took a lead in this direction.
• Establishment of Hotline: It led to the establishment of the hotline in 1963 (a bilateral measure), to enable the leaders to communicate directly. The hotline (later upgraded into nuclear risk reduction centers) was followed by arms control negotiations.
• To Control Proliferation: In 1965, the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. initiated multilateral negotiations in Geneva on a treaty to curb the spread of nuclear weapons. 
• Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT): In 1968, the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) opened for signature. However, India had chosen not to sign the NPT, and in 1974, conducted an underground peaceful nuclear explosive, or PNE.
• The Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG): It was founded in response to the Indian nuclear test in May 1974 and first met in November 1975. It observes common guidelines for exporting nuclear and related dual-use materials, equipment, and technologies. 
  • The London Club later transformed into the NSG, consisting of 48 countries today. 

Significance of the Global Nuclear Order (GNO)

• Control Nuclear Weapons & its Proliferation: The taboo against nuclear weapons has been held since 1945. It helped to survive 75 years of the nuclear age without blowing itself up.
• Maintenance of Stability: Arms control negotiations led to parity in strategic capacities creating a sense of arms race stability, and provided crisis management stability. 

Key components of the Global Nuclear Order?

The key components of the Global Nuclear Order are as follows:

1. Non-Proliferation- Efforts to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons to additional states.

2. Disarmament- Initiatives aimed at reducing and ultimately eliminating nuclear arsenals globally.

3. Nuclear Material Security- Measures to safeguard nuclear materials, facilities, and technologies from theft, sabotage, or unauthorized access.

4. Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy- Promotion of nuclear technology for peaceful purposes such as electricity generation, medicine, agriculture, and industry.

5. International Agreements and Treaties- Frameworks like the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), and others that establish norms, regulations, and obligations related to nuclear activities.

6. International Organizations and Agencies- Bodies like the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) that oversee nuclear activities, inspections, and promote nuclear safety and security worldwide.

What is the current status of Nuclear Weapons?

According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), the global nuclear arsenal is witnessing the following developments:

1) Modernization and Expansion- The 9 nuclear-armed states, including the United States, Russia, and China, continue to modernize and expand their nuclear arsenals. Other nuclear-armed countries are the UK, France, India, Pakistan, North Korea and Israel.

2) Total Global Inventory- As of January 2023, the total global inventory of warheads is estimated at 12,512, with approximately 9,576 warheads held in military stockpiles for potential use.

3) Dominance of Russia and U.S.- Russia and the United States possess almost 90% of all nuclear weapons, with relatively stable sizes of their respective nuclear arsenals.

4) Arms Control Concerns- The suspension of the strategic stability dialogue and the Treaty on Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (New START) has halted discussions for a follow-on treaty.

Changing Geopolitics From Bipolarity to Multipolarity: A New Era in Nuclear Politics

• Shift from Bipolarity to Multipolarity: The rise of China has introduced a new dimension to nuclear relations of the World.
• Changes in the U.S.-Russia Treaties: In 2002, the U.S. withdrew from the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty and in 2019, from the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty and the only remaining agreement, New START Treaty is also facing uncertainty.

• New Nuclear Peer Rivals: The U.S. is facing two nuclear peer rivals (Russia and China). Also, the episode of the Ukraine war adds more uncertainty.
• Shifts in Technology: The 75-year-old nuclear technology on non-proliferation is undergoing shifts. 
  • The U.S. showed biasness for Israel, when it went nuclear in the 1960s-70s and again, when China helped Pakistan with its nuclear programme in the 1980s. 
  • Recently, the nuclear submarine AUKUS deal (Australia, U.S., U.K.) with Australia, a non-nuclear weapon state, is raising concerns in the NPT community.
• Changing Perspective: 
  • South Korea: During the 1970s, South Korea began to actively consider a nuclear weapons programme, provoked by the U.S. withdrawal from Vietnam. However, later South Korea was persuaded to join the NPT. 
    • But recent opinion polls indicate 70% support for developing a national nuclear deterrent.
  • Japan: As a nuclear victim, Japan retains a strong anti-nuclear sentiment but there is a shift too, visible in Japan’s decision to double its defence spending over next five years.

What conventions regulate the Global Nuclear Order?

1) Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), 1968- It was put forward by the USA, UK and USSR. It was signed in 1968 and came into force in 1970. The treaty has 3 pillars:
(a) Non-proliferation- Nuclear Weapon States (NWS) pledge not to transfer nuclear weapons and technology and Non-nuclear Weapon States pledge not to acquire nuclear weapons;
(b) Disarmament- All parties to pursue good-faith negotiations on effective measures to control nuclear arms race, and to general and complete disarmament;
(c) Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy- The Treaty recognizes the right of all Parties to develop nuclear energy for peaceful purposes.
India considers the treaty discriminatory as it creates a club of ‘nuclear haves‘ and a larger group of ‘nuclear have-nots‘ by restricting the legal possession of nuclear weapons to those states that tested them before 1967. India hasn’t signed the treaty.

2) Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT)- Seeks to ban all nuclear explosions for both civilian and military purposes. It prohibits nuclear testing, thus preventing further advancement of nuclear weapons capabilities.

3) Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, 2017- It prohibits and makes it illegal to possess, use, produce, transfer, acquire, stockpile or deploy nuclear weapons. States are also prohibited from using or threatening to use nuclear weapons and other nuclear explosive devices. It came into force in 2021.

4) Export Control Groupings- Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) and the Missile Technology Control Regimes (MTCR) are some of the nuclear export control groupings. These ensure that nuclear fuel export doesn’t result in nuclear weapons development.

5) International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Safeguards Agreement- Governs the verification and inspection of nuclear facilities to ensure they are used for peaceful purposes and not for the development of nuclear weapons.

What is India’s position in the Global Nuclear Order?

1) Non-Signatory to NPT- India is not a signatory to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), which distinguishes it from many other nuclear-armed nations.

2) Nuclear Weapons Possession- India possesses nuclear weapons and conducted nuclear tests in the past, facing sanctions but later negotiating agreements for civilian nuclear cooperation.

3) Advocate for Global Disarmament- India advocates for global nuclear disarmament while seeking recognition as a responsible nuclear power.

4) Complex Position- India’s stance is complex due to its pursuit of civilian nuclear energy for development and maintaining a nuclear deterrence policy.

5) International Engagement- Despite not being a signatory to the NPT, India engages in international nuclear forums, emphasizing its non-proliferation track record and commitment to global security.

6) Nuclear Disarmament- India supports complete disarmament within a specified timeframe which distinguishes its stance from Nuclear Weapon States (NWS) which have an ambiguous stand regarding timeline for disarmament. India also insists that disarmament must be ‘non-discriminatory’ and pursued ‘on the basis of equality’ i.e., there must be no discriminatory provisions in favor of NWS as is the case with the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).

How GNO has performed?

• Nuclear taboo – It has been held since 1945 and humanity has survived 75 years of the nuclear age without blowing itself up.
• Successful non-proliferation – While more than 20 countries were predicted to possess nuclear weapons by the 1970s, (5 in 1968 – the U.S., U.S.S.R., U.K., France, and China), only 4 countries have since gone nuclear, i.e., India, Israel, North Korea, and Pakistan.
• Strategic stability – It is based on assured 2^nd strike capability, guaranteed by the enormous arsenals that both US and Russia had built up.
• This eliminated any incentive to strike 1^st ensuring deterrence stability.
• Arms control negotiations led to parity in strategic capacities creating a sense of arms race stability, and fail-safe communication links provided crisis management stability.
• Denuclearisation – Belarus, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan were denuclearised that hosted Soviet nuclear weapons and possessed some capabilities.
• Extension of NPT – In 1995, the NPT, originally concluded for 25 years, was extended into perpetuity.
• Active role of USA - Between 1977 to 1988, the U.S. actively subverted Taiwan’s nuclear weapons programme as it stepped up a normalisation of ties with China.
• During the 1970s, South Korea considered a nuclear weapons programme but France withdrew its offer to supply a reprocessing plant to South Korea under U.S. pressure.
• Limitations – Arms control did not end the US-USSR nuclear race.
  • In fact, their arsenals grew from 28,000 bombs in 1962 to over 65,000 bombs in the early 1980s.

Since the late 1980s, the U.S. and Soviet arsenals have declined sharply, to below 12,000 bombs today mostly due to the end of the Cold War rivalry and the breakup of the U.S.S.R.

What are the issues with the Global Nuclear Order?

The Global Nuclear Order faces several significant challenges and issues:

1) Proliferation- One of the most critical issues is the spread of nuclear weapons to additional countries. This creates concerns about regional stability, as more nuclear-armed states increase the risk of conflict and the potential for catastrophic consequences.
For instance, the AUKUS deal includes providing nuclear submarines to Australia (a non-nuclear state).

2) Arms Control and Disarmament- The existing arms control agreements, such as the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), face challenges in implementation and adherence. Additionally, there’s a lack of progress in further disarmament efforts by nuclear-armed states, which leads to concerns about the global disarmament agenda.

3) Modernization and Technology- Nuclear-armed states continue to modernize their arsenals, developing more advanced and potentially destabilizing technologies. Advancements in missile defense systems, hypersonic weapons, and other emerging technologies contribute to uncertainties in strategic stability.

4) Emerging Threats and Actors- Non-state actors or rogue states acquiring nuclear materials or technology pose significant risks. The potential for cyberattacks targeting nuclear facilities or command systems adds a new dimension of concern.

5) Geopolitical Tensions- Tensions between nuclear-armed states, such as those between the US, China, Russia, and other countries, create instability. Proxy conflicts, territorial disputes, and geopolitical rivalries heighten the risk of nuclear confrontation.
For instance, Russia de-ratifying CTBT; Withdrawal of USA and Russia from bilateral treaties.

6) Safety and Security- Ensuring the safety and security of nuclear materials, facilities, and technologies remains a persistent challenge. Accidental or unauthorized use of nuclear weapons due to technical failures, human error, or terrorist actions is a significant concern.

What are the issues with the Global Nuclear Order in the context of India?

India’s position within the Global Nuclear Order presents specific challenges and concerns:

1) Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) status- India is not a signatory to the NPT, which creates complexities in its relationship with the global nuclear order. India’s nuclear program was developed independently, leading to its status as a nuclear-armed state outside the NPT framework.

2) Nuclear Arsenal Expansion- India continues to expand and modernize its nuclear arsenal. This expansion raises concerns about regional stability, especially given the long-standing tensions with Pakistan and the strategic rivalry with China.

3) Relations with Pakistan- The nuclear dynamics between India and Pakistan pose significant challenges. Both countries possess nuclear weapons, and historical animosities and frequent border disputes elevate the risk of a nuclear conflict, creating instability in South Asia.

4) China Factor- India’s nuclear policy is also shaped by its relations with China. As China continues to modernize its nuclear capabilities, India might feel compelled to bolster its own arsenal, leading to an arms race and heightened tensions in the region.

Maintaining stability in its volatile region, engaging in dialogue with Pakistan and China, and ensuring the safe and responsible management of its nuclear arsenal are crucial steps for India within the Global Nuclear Order. Additionally, India’s active participation in global non-proliferation initiatives and strengthening regional cooperation mechanisms can contribute to stability and security in South Asia.

What should be the way forward?

Creating a just, safe, and improved Global Nuclear Order involves a multifaceted approach that integrates various elements of diplomacy, technology, governance, and international cooperation. Here are some key steps that could contribute to achieving such a vision:

1) Disarmament and Reduction of Nuclear Weapons-
a. Encourage nuclear-armed states to commit to significant and verifiable reductions in their nuclear arsenals through bilateral or multilateral agreements.
b. Support dialogue and negotiations among nuclear-armed states to create a conducive environment for disarmament efforts.

2) Strengthening Non-Proliferation Efforts- Strengthen international efforts to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons technology and materials.

3) Inclusive Dialogue and Multilateral Diplomacy- Encourage open and inclusive dialogue among all stakeholders, including nuclear-armed and non-nuclear-armed states, to address concerns and build trust.

4) Engagement with Emerging Technologies- Monitor and address potential risks associated with emerging technologies, such as cyber threats to nuclear facilities, to ensure a secure nuclear order.

5) Support for New Treaties and Agreements- Advocate for and support initiatives like the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) while engaging nuclear-armed states to participate in discussions toward a world without nuclear weapons.

6) Education and Public Awareness- Foster awareness and education regarding the risks and consequences of nuclear weapons, promoting public support for disarmament and non-proliferation efforts.

The Performance of Indian Railways in 2023 showed significant strides in infrastructure but reveals underwhelming freight loading and financial performance.

How Indian Railways performed in 2023?

• Near completion of DFC – Dedicated Freight Corridors are nearing completion with more than 200 freight trains already running on the corridors.

• Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla Rail Link (USBRL) – It is symbolic for connectivity and seamless integration of J&K with India.
• But its poor progress reflects on IR’s credentials in executing and implementing large projects.
• Delhi-Srinagar train – The 1^st train is expected to run sometime next summer.
• High-Speed Rail project – It was mooted in 2014 between Mumbai and Ahmedabad, intending to complete it by 2021.
• But the goal post kept shifting, however, due to non-cooperation between the Centre and Maharashtra governments and is expected to be operational by 2028-29.
• Vande Bharat– It was success with large-scale deployment from a mere 6 at the year start and with nearly 50 trains at the end.
• It showed that there is the space for fast and comfortable trains even with higher fare.
• But some of the trains were deployed on political merit and some run with poor occupancy.
  • Example: Bhopal-Jabalpur and Bhopal-Indore fail to cut travel time.
• The sleeper version is badly-delayed.
• Railway tracks – Delay in upgrading the tracks for higher speeds.
  • Work on raising the speed of Delhi-Howrah and Delhi-Mumbai sections to 160 kmph has seen tardy progress.
• Safety Issues – On safety front, Indian railways has shown improvement in the last 5 years with the closure of all unmanned railway crossings and improvements in track maintenance.
• However, the Balasore accidentdented IR’s safety record and was followed by at least 4 more accidents with fatalities and injuries.
  • Delhi-Kamakhya Express derailment near Buxar.
  • Fire cases in Patalkot Express near Agra and Delhi-Darbhanga Superfast Express near Etawah.
  • Collision of two trains near Vizianagaram.
• Financial performance – The rail freight and total revenue is only between 3-4%, leaving no surplus for investments, thus increased reliance on the Centre for the same.
  • In an economy growing nearly 7%, one would expect rail freight and total revenue to expand at a minimum of 10%.
• Dismal roll-out of IRMS – Indian Railway Management Service at the entry level is the lowest choice among Civil Services aspirants.
• Only 90 out of 150 vacancies could be filled up, as many candidates likely to qualify choose another service.
• New Amrit Bharat Trains – 2 Amrit Bharat Trains are to be launched.
• The Amrit Bharat train is a Linke Hofmann Busch (LHB) push pull train having locos at both ends for better acceleration.
• It provides improved facilities for rail passengers with a maximum speed limit of 130 kmph.

Indian Railways has launched theme - based Tourist Circuit trains (Bharat Gaurav Trains) to showcase India’s rich cultural heritage and magnificent historical places. 1^st Bharat Gaurav Train (Shirdi Yatra) was launched in 2022.

• Record Amrit Bharat Stations - 1,309 Amrit Bharat Stations have been identified across the nation to modernize passenger amenities and improve accessibility & inclusivity of railway stations.
• One Station, One Product (OSOP) Outlets - It promotes ‘Vocal for Local’ vision, providing a market for indigenous products and creating additional income opportunities for marginalised sections of society.

Indian Railway has set a target of becoming Net Zero Carbon Emitter by 2030.

What should be focused in 2024?

• Safety – The shift should be strongly to improving safety of rail travel, including track and signalling upgrades.
• The progress of installation of Kavach, a unique safety system developed by IR engineers need to paced up.
• Address Issues – While electrification of rails are promoted for greening railways it is silent on
  • The fate of more than 500 diesel locomotives
  • The need for ‘hydrogen trains’ amidst electrification
  • The requirement for airport-like stations
• Prevent saturation – The announcement to add 3,000 passenger trains to eliminate waiting lists should consider the saturated capacities into account.
• Non-political deployment of trains – Vande Bharat should be made after traffic surveys to reduce poor occupancy issues.
• Future prospects – IR should make efficient use of initiatives like Gati Shaktito improve its loading and revenue performance significantly.

PM Gati Shakti is a National Master Plan for Multimodal Connectivity launched in 2021 to transfer India into a hub of world class infrastructure by providing integrated and seamless connectivity for movement of people, goods and services.

The Ministry was carved out of Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment in 2006.

Objective- To ensure a more focused approach towards issues relating to the notified minority communities - Muslim, Christian, Buddhist, Sikhs, Parsis and Jain.

As per Census 2011, around 19.3% of the population belongs to minorities.

• Mandate- To formulate, coordinate, evaluate and review the overall policy and planning, the regulatory framework and the development programmes that aim to benefit the minority communities.

Constitutional Safeguards for Linguistic Minorities

The term "minority" is not defined in the Indian Constitution. However, the Constitution recognises religious and linguistic minorities.

• The Central Government notifies minority communities at the national level under the National Commission for Minorities (NCM) Act, 1992.
• 6 communities notified as minorities under the Section 2 (c) of NCM Act are Christians, Sikhs, Muslims, Buddhists, Parsis and Jains.
• Article 29 - Right of any section of the citizens residing in India with a distinct language, script or culture of its own to conserve it.
• It grants protection to both religious minorities as well as linguistic minorities.
• The Supreme Court held that the scope of this article includes minorities as well as the majority.
• Article 30 - All minorities shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.
• The protection under Article 30 is confined only to minorities and does not extend to any section of citizens.
• Article 347 – If the President is satisfied that a substantial proportion of the population of a State desire the use of any language spoken by them to be recognised by that state, he may direct such language to be officially recognised.
• Article 350 - It gives the right to submit representation for redressal of grievances to any authority of the Union or a State in any of the languages used in the Union/States.
• Article 350A - It provides for instruction in the mother tongue at the primary stage of education to children belonging to linguistic minority groups.
• Article 350B - It provides for a special Officer designated as Commissioner for Linguistic minorities to investigate all matters relating to the safeguards provided for linguistic minorities.

Key Initiatives

Scholarship Schemes

• The Scholarship Schemes are implemented for the educational empowerment of students belonging to economically weaker section of the 6 notified minority communities.

PM Vikas Scheme

Pradhan Mantri VIrasat Ka Samvardhan Scheme has subsumed 5 existing schemes of the Ministry namely

• • Seekho Aur Kamao (SAK)
  • USTTAD
  • Hamari Dharohar
  • Nai Roshni
  • Nai Manzil

Aim- To cover the life cycle of under privilege segment of minority community and focus on providing livelihood opportunities.

Seekho Aur Kamao scheme(Learn and Earn)

• Launch year- 2013
• Aim- It is placement linked skill development scheme that aims to upgrade the skills of minority youth (14-45 years) in various modern/ traditional skills.

USTTAD scheme

• The scheme stands for Upgrading the Skills and Training in Traditional Arts/ Crafts for Development.
• Launch year- 2015
• About- Targets capacity building and upgrading the traditional skills of master craftsmen/ artisans from the minority communities.
• Hunar Haat- It has been implemented as a component of the scheme since 2016-17.
• It is an effective platform for minority artisans, craftpersons and culinary experts to showcase and market their finest handicraft and exquisitely crafted indigenous products.

Hamari Dharohar

• Launch year-2014
• Objective- To protect and preserve the rich culture and heritage of the minority communities living in India.
• To improve livelihoods of minorities, particularly artisans, through skill development, education and leadership training.

Nai Roshini

• Launch year- 2012
• About- It is a training programme conducted for women belonging to minority community between the age group of 18 years to 65 years.

Nai Manzil scheme

• Launch year- 2015
• Aim- To benefit the youth belonging to 6 notified minority communities of 17-35 years of age, who do not have formal school leaving certificate.

• Significance- It provides a combination of formal education (Class VIII or X) and skills to enable beneficiaries seek better employment and livelihood.
• Integrated Skill Training- It is being provided to the youth in market driven skills.

Pradhan Mantri Jan Vikas Karyakram (PMJVK)

• Earlier scheme- Multi-sectoral Development Programme
• Aim- It is a centrally sponsored scheme that seeks to provide better socio-economic infrastructure assets and basic amenities to the notified minorities mainly in the field of education, health & skill development.
• 33 to 40% of resources under the PMJVK would be specifically allocated for women centric projects.
• Need- The scheme is designed to address the development deficits of the identified Minority Concentration Areas that were identified on the basis of minority population and socio-economic and basic amenities data of Census 2011.
• Significance- Ministry of Minority Affairs, in collaboration with National Remote Sensing Centre, ISRO is geo tagging the infrastructure constructed under the scheme.

National Minorities Development and Finance Corporation (NMDFC)

• Launch year- 1994
• It is a National Level Apex Body for the benefit of Minorities as defined under the National Commission for Minorities Act 1992.
• It is a non-profit company under Companies Act 2013.
• Aim- To promote socio-economic development of backward sections amongst the minority communities through State Channelizing Agencies (SCAs).
• Preference- Given to the occupational group and women.
• MInority Loan AccouNting (MILAN) Software is launched by NMDFC to digitize loan accounting processes.

Haj Pilgrimage 2023

• Hajj refers to the pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca in Saudi Arabia, which every adult Muslim must make at least once in his/her lifetime.
• The hajj is the 5^th of the fundamental Muslim practices and institutions known as the Five Pillars of Islam.
• Haj pilgrimage for the Indian Pilgrims is conducted either through
  • Haj Committee of India (HCoI), a statutory organization under the Ministry of Minority Affairs or through
  • Haj Group Organisers (HGOs)
• e-MASIHA- Medical Assistance System for Indian Hajis Abroad is an online OPD System enabled to create and maintain health database of all Indian pilgrims who availed medical facilities during the Haj.
• The ministry has partnered with State Bank of India (SBI) to make special arrangements to provide Forex facilities to the pilgrims.      
• Haj Policy 2023- Gives the flexibility to the pilgrims to arrange their own foreign currency or take lesser foreign exchange, as per their individual requirements.

Naya Savera

• Launch year- 2017
• Aim- To provide free coaching to candidates belonging to minority communities for qualifying in entrance examinations of technical/ medical professional courses and Competitive examinations.
• The scheme provides financial support for free coaching to notified minority students in selected coaching institutions.

Jiyo Parsi

• Launch year- 2013-14
• Objective- To reverse the declining trend of Parsi Population by adopting scientific protocol and structured interventions to stabilize their population in India.

Padho Pardesh

• About- It is a scheme of interest subsidy to students of minority communities on educational loans for overseas higher studies.
• Feature - 100% subsidy on the interest rate.

Nai Udaan

• About- This central sector scheme support students for clearing Prelims conducted by Union Public Service Commission (UPSC), State Public Service Commission (PSC) Staff Selection Commission (SSC) etc.,
• The selected candidate will get 100% financial support.

Maulana Azad National Academy for Skills (MANAS)

• It is a skill development architecture aimed at providing an all-India Level training framework.
• Established- 2014
• Headquarters- New Delhi
• Concessional credit is provided for minority community after meeting their skilling needs for expanding their existing businesses and setting up new businesses.

Cyber Gram

• It is a Multi-sectoral Development Programme (MsDP) in an effort to equip the targeted group with the knowledge of Information and Communication Technology (ICT).
• Launch year- 2015
• Coverage- Class VI to Class X belonging to minority community.

Garib Nawaz Employment Scheme

• Launch year- 2017-18
• About- The scheme provides short-term job oriented skill development courses to minorities’ youth in order to enable them for skill based employment.
• Implementation- As per the norms issued by the Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship (MSD&E)).

Prime Minister’s New 15 Point Program

• Launch year- 2006
• Aim- To ensure that the underprivileged and weaker sections of centrally notified minority communities have equal opportunities for availing the various government welfare schemes and contribute to the overall socio-economic development of the country.
• Objectives-
  • Enhancing opportunities for education
  • Ensuring an equitable share for minorities in economic activities and employment
  • Improving the conditions of living of minorities by ensuring an appropriate share for them in infrastructure development schemes
  • Prevention and control of communal disharmony and violence

National Commission for Minorities

• Statutory body- It is established under National Commission for Minorities Act, 1992.

The first statutory National Commission was set up in 1993.

• About- It is a forum for appeal, set up by the Government to safeguard the rights and interests of India’s minority communities.

National Commission for Religious and Linguistic Minorities

• Launch year- 2005
• Chairman- Ranganath Mishra, former Chief Justice of India
• Aim- To evaluate different type of factors and issues associated with linguistic and religious minorities in the country and to ensure social, economical and educational uplift.
• The commission submitted its report in 2007.

Sachar Committee

• Launch year- 2005
• Chairman- Rajinder Sachar, former Chief Justice of Delhi High Court.
• Aim- To study the social, economic and educational condition of Muslims in India.
• Outcome- The report was submitted in 2006 which suggested solutions for the inclusive development of the Muslins in India.

Durgah Khawaja Saheb Act, 1955

• It is an act to make provision for the proper administration of the Dargah and the Endowment of the Dargah of Khwaja Moin-ud-din Chishty (Dargah Khwaja Saheb, Ajmer).
• Mandate of Dargah Committee- To provide service to the public through development of infrastructure as per the provision of Dargah Khwaja Saheb Act 1955 and its Bye Laws of 1958.

Central Waqf Council

• Statutory body- It was established in 1964 as per the provision given in the Waqf Act, 1954.
• Composition- The council consists of chairman and members not exceeding 20 in number.
• Ex-officio chairman- Union Minister in charge of Waqf.
• Function - Acts as an advisory body to the Central Government on matters concerning the working of the Waqf Boards and Auqaf.

• The Kharsawan massacre occurred on January 1, 1948 in the town of Kharsawan, which is now part of Jharkhand.
• The massacre was similar to the Jallianwala Bagh incident in 1919.
• The massacre occurred during a protest against the merger of Kharsawan with Odisha.

Police opened fire on a crowd of Adivasis, killing hundreds or possibly thousands.

• Mount Lewotobi Laki-Laki is a mountain in Indonesia.
• It is part of the Lewotobi twin volcano, which is located in the southeastern part of Flores Island.
• The Lewotobi twin volcano is made up of the Lewotobi Laki-Laki (male) and Lewotobi Perempuan (female) stratovolcanoes, with summit craters less than 2 km apart.

Mount Lewotobi Laki-Laki in Indonesia has erupted several times recently.