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Attunli Hydroelectric Project

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Why in the News?

The Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) for River Valley and Hydroelectric Projects recently recommended environmental clearance for the 680 MW Attunli Hydroelectric Project, being developed by SJVN Limited in Dibang Valley district of Arunachal Pradesh.

About Attunli Hydroelectric Project

The Attunli Hydroelectric Project is a 680 MW run-of-river hydropower project located in Dibang Valley district, Arunachal Pradesh.

Key Technical Features

The project envisages the construction of an 85-metre-high concrete gravity dam across the Tangon (Talo) River. Its associated infrastructure includes a 7.955 km head race tunnel, a 93-metre surge shaft and twin pressure shafts.

The underground powerhouse will house four Francis turbines, each with a capacity of 170 MW. A tailrace tunnel will discharge water back into the river.

The project is expected to generate approximately 2,728 million units of electricity annually.

Project Development

The project was initially conceived by Attunli Hydro Electric Power Company Limited, a joint venture between Jindal Power and the Hydro Power Development Corporation of Arunachal Pradesh. It was subsequently allotted to Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam (SJVN).

About SJVN Limited

SJVN Limited is a joint venture between the Government of India and the Government of Himachal Pradesh. It is involved in the development of hydropower and other energy project


 


 


 


 


 


 

PM-SETU Scheme

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Why in the News?

The Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE), in collaboration with the Government of Uttar Pradesh, recently organised the PM-SETU Industry Conclave in Lucknow.

About PM-SETU Scheme

PM-SETU stands for Pradhan Mantri Skilling and Employability Transformation through Upgraded ITIs. It is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme aimed at strengthening India's vocational training ecosystem.

The scheme seeks to modernise 1,000 government Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) across India and transform them into modern, industry-aligned training institutions.

Key Features of the Scheme

1. Hub-and-Spoke Model

The scheme follows a hub-and-spoke model, under which 1,000 government ITIs will be upgraded.

Component

Number

Key Role

Hub ITIs

200

Provide advanced infrastructure, innovation and incubation centres, production units, trainer-training facilities and placement services.

Spoke ITIs

800

Extend access to upgraded vocational training and improve outreach.

Total ITIs

1,000

Strengthen India's vocational training ecosystem.

2. Objectives

The scheme aims to improve the quality of training in Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) and National Skill Training Institutes (NSTIs).

It seeks to modernise infrastructure and equipment according to industry standards and introduce industry-aligned long-term and short-term courses, particularly in emerging sectors.

It also aims to strengthen industry linkages to promote demand-driven skilling, improve employment outcomes and enhance the capacity of NSTIs to train instructors.

3. Financial Outlay and Duration

The scheme has a stated financial outlay of ₹60,000 crore over five years.

Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship.

Major Components of PM-SETU

Industry-Linked Training

The scheme provides for the introduction of new, demand-driven courses and the revision of existing courses in collaboration with industry partners.

Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs)

Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs) will be established with credible Anchor Industry Partners to manage ITI clusters and ensure outcome-based training.

Flexible Learning Pathways

The scheme aims to create pathways for long-term diploma programmes, short-term courses and executive programmes, catering to different skill requirements.

Upgradation of National Skill Training Institutes

Five National Skill Training Institutes will be strengthened as Centres of Excellence, with global partnerships.

Location

State

Bhubaneswar

Odisha

Chennai

Tamil Nadu

Hyderabad

Telangana

Kanpur

Uttar Pradesh

Ludhiana

Punjab

International Collaboration

The initiative is backed by global co-financing from the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank (ADB).

Kamlang Tiger Reserve

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Why in the News?

The Wildlife Trust of India (WTI), in collaboration with The Serenity Trust and the Department of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, recently provided essential field gear and equipment to frontline staff of the Kamlang Tiger Reserve.

About Kamlang Tiger Reserve

Location and Geographical Features

Kamlang Tiger Reserve is located in Arunachal Pradesh, near the international border with Myanmar. It forms part of the Eastern Himalayan Biodiversity Hotspot.

The reserve is named after the Kamlang River, which flows through it and joins the Brahmaputra River.

The reserve is situated between Namdapha National Park to its south and the Lang River to its north. Its western boundary is formed by the Lati River, while the Tawe River borders its eastern side.

Topography and Climate

The reserve encompasses diverse landscapes, including dense tropical forests, grasslands, rivers and hills. It experiences a subtropical climate.

Vegetation

The vegetation varies with elevation. The foothills contain moist evergreen tropical forests, while higher elevations support subtropical and temperate forests.

Flora

Important tree species found in the reserve include Ammora wallichi (Amari), Gmelina arborea (Gamari), Terminalia chebula (Hillika) and Canarium resiniferum (Dhuna).

Fauna

Kamlang Tiger Reserve supports rich wildlife diversity. According to the supplied source, all four major cats—Snow Leopard, Clouded Leopard, Leopard and Tiger—can be found in the reserve.

Other species include the Himalayan Palm Civet, Leopard Cat, Slow Loris and Hoolock Gibbon.

Malaria in India

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in the News?

According to the Union Health Ministry, India recorded a nearly 80% decline in malaria cases and deaths between 2015 and 2025. The number of high-burden districts also declined significantly, from 155 to 33 during this period.

About Malaria

Malaria is a life-threatening febrile illness caused by Plasmodium parasites. It is primarily transmitted to humans through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes.

Transmission

Malaria is not a contagious disease and does not ordinarily spread through direct contact between people. However, it can be transmitted through infected blood or contaminated needles.

High-Risk Groups

Infants, children under five years of age, pregnant women, travellers and people living with HIV/AIDS are at a higher risk of developing severe malaria.

Symptoms of Malaria

Symptoms generally appear 10–15 days after infection and include fever, chills and headache.

In severe cases, malaria can cause seizures, difficulty breathing, jaundice and dark urine. If left untreated, it can lead to death.

Treatment of Malaria

Treatment

Application

Artemisinin-based Combination Therapies (ACTs)

Used to treat Plasmodium falciparum malaria.

Chloroquine

Used for Plasmodium vivax malaria where the parasite remains susceptible.

Primaquine

Used to prevent relapses in P. vivax and P. ovale infections, subject to appropriate testing and medical supervision.


 

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