What are High Seas?
BBNJ Agreement
The BBNJ Agreement represents a significant step in international efforts to protect marine ecosystems and manage biodiversity in the high seas, addressing critical issues like marine conservation and sustainable use of resources on a global scale.
Key Provisions of the BBNJ Agreement
Scope of Application:
Institutional Arrangement:
Financial Mechanism:
Significance of the BBNJ Agreement:
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
Provisions and Key Elements:
Significance:
Implementation:
This framework helps in managing the vast and varied interests of nations regarding oceanic resources, navigation, and environmental protection, contributing to global maritime order and sustainability.
Conclusion:
The BBNJ Agreement represents a significant step in international marine governance, reflecting the growing recognition of the oceans' critical role. It aligns with global conservation goals, such as the “30x30” initiative, which aims to protect 30% of marine ecosystems by 2030. This landmark treaty is poised to play a crucial role in enhancing marine biodiversity conservation and sustainable use of ocean resources.
Overview of the Bill
Context and Background
Constitutional and Legal Framework
1. Constitutionality of Domicile-Based Reservation
2. Balancing Equality and Affirmative Action
3. Legal Basis for Local Reservation Laws
4. Regional Language Criteria as a Workaround
5. Specific State Examples
Why Domicile-Based Reservation Should Not Be Implemented
Domicile-based reservation policies, such as those proposed in Karnataka's bill, face significant legal, constitutional, and practical challenges. Here’s why such policies are controversial and potentially problematic:
1. Balancing Equality with Affirmative Action
2. Violates Fundamental Right of Equality
3. Economic Impact
4. Judicial Review
5. 50% Upper Limit on Quota
6. Proving Inadequate Representation
Judicial Opinions on Domicile-Based Reservations
Conclusion
Domicile-based reservations, while aimed at addressing local employment concerns, face significant constitutional and practical challenges. They must align with constitutional principles of equality and non-discrimination, avoid exacerbating regional tensions, and adhere to judicial precedents and limits on reservation quotas. Implementing such policies requires careful consideration of their legal and social implications.
During Prime Minister Narendra Modi's historic visit to Austria, several key areas of bilateral cooperation were highlighted.
Key Highlights of PM Modi’s Visit to Austria
Shared Values and Goals
Economic and Technological Cooperation
Political and Security Cooperation
Multilateral Cooperation
Cultural and People-to-People Ties
Climate and Sustainability
India-Austria Bilateral Relationship
Overview
India and Austria have cultivated a longstanding and amicable bilateral relationship characterized by mutual respect and cooperation. The partnership, built on shared democratic values and a commitment to enhancing economic, cultural, and political ties, spans several decades.
Political Relations
Economic and Trade Relations
Cultural and Educational Exchanges
Recent Developments
The recent visit of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi to Austria has further strengthened the bilateral relationship. This visit highlighted the robust and expanding partnership between the two nations, with a strategic focus on advancing cooperation across various sectors, including economic, technological, cultural, and environmental domains
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We provide offline, online and recorded lectures in the same amount.
Every aspirant is unique and the mentoring is customised according to the strengths and weaknesses of the aspirant.
In every Lecture. Director Sir will provide conceptual understanding with around 800 Mindmaps.
We provide you the best and Comprehensive content which comes directly or indirectly in UPSC Exam.