The recent performance of the traditional Bhojpuri Chautal at the welcoming ceremony of India’s Prime Minister in Trinidad and Tobago highlighted the importance of Chautal in Indian classical music, especially in its North Indian and Hindustani classical music forms.
Chautal, also known as Chartaal or Chowtaal, is a rhythmic cycle with 12 beats. It plays a significant role in the accompaniment of Dhrupad and Dhamar styles of both vocal and instrumental performances.
Rhythmic Cycle (12 beats):
Chautal is based on a cycle of 12 beats, which are broken into different segments known as vibhags. There are two primary schools of thought regarding its structure:
First View: It is divided into four vibhags of 4, 4, 2, and 2 matras respectively.
Second View: It follows a pattern similar to Ektal, consisting of six vibhags, each containing two matras.
The cyclic structure and its divisions allow for intricate rhythmic variations, creating a dynamic and powerful atmosphere when performed.
The Meaning of the Name "Chautal":
The name "Chautal" translates to "four claps," referring to the clapping method used in the rhythmic division of the beats. The rhythmic cycle often involves counting or clapping at regular intervals, guiding the performer and the audience through the structure.
Chautal is often used in the Dhrupad and Dhamar genres, which are ancient forms of Indian classical music. These styles are known for their deep, meditative tones and require a specific rhythmic and melodic framework.
Pakhawaj: The rhythm of Chautal is closely associated with the pakhawaj, a traditional Indian percussion instrument. The pakhawaj provides a heavy and powerful sound that contrasts with the lighter and more delicate rhythms played on the tabla.
Performance Style: The performance of Chautal is typically heavy and powerful, bringing out the full weight of the beats and their resonance. It is in contrast to the more delicate style of the tabla, a drum that is often used in other classical genres.
Bhojpuri Chautal: Chautal is deeply ingrained in the cultural heritage of regions like Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and parts of Madhya Pradesh. It’s often performed in various folk traditions in these areas, including Bhojpuri music and regional celebrations.
Global Influence: Chautal has crossed borders and continues to influence musical communities worldwide, especially within the Indian diaspora. The performance in Trinidad and Tobago is a testament to how Indian classical traditions, such as Chautal, are carried and cherished beyond India’s borders.
The Green Climate Fund (GCF) has recently approved over USD 120 million to support climate resilience projects in Ghana, the Maldives, and Mauritania. This funding aims to assist these countries in building climate resilience and addressing the adverse effects of climate change.
The Green Climate Fund is the world’s largest dedicated fund for addressing climate change and is a critical part of global efforts to mitigate and adapt to climate impacts.
Establishment and Mandate:
The GCF was set up at COP 16 in Cancun in 2010 as part of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
It was created to help developing countries raise and implement their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) for low-emission and climate-resilient pathways.
The GCF’s mission is to accelerate transformative climate action in developing countries using flexible financing solutions and climate investment expertise.
Role in Climate Action:
The GCF provides financing to support both mitigation (reducing greenhouse gas emissions) and adaptation (building resilience to climate impacts) projects in developing countries.
50% of its resources are allocated to mitigation and 50% to adaptation, with at least half of the adaptation funds specifically directed towards the most vulnerable countries like Small Island Developing States (SIDS), Least Developed Countries (LDCs), and African States.
Country-Driven Approach:
The GCF follows a country-driven approach, meaning developing countries themselves take the lead in designing and implementing their climate actions.
The GCF provides resources and expertise, but the country is in charge of how the funds are used, ensuring that the solutions are locally tailored and relevant.
Independent Institution: The GCF is a legally independent institution, governed by an independent board. It operates through a secretariat based in Songdo, South Korea, which started its work in December 2013.
Flexible Financing: The GCF offers flexible financial solutions, including grants, loans, equity, and guarantees, to accelerate the implementation of climate projects.
Global Partnerships: It collaborates with a range of public and private sector actors to pool knowledge and funding for large-scale climate initiatives.
Mitigation:
Projects that reduce or eliminate greenhouse gas emissions, helping countries transition to low-carbon economies.
Includes areas such as renewable energy, energy efficiency, and sustainable transport.
Adaptation:
Projects that help countries build resilience to climate impacts, such as flood defenses, drought resilience, and agriculture adaptation.
The GCF is particularly focused on supporting the most climate-vulnerable countries.
The GCF plays a pivotal role in the global response to climate change, particularly for developing countries that often lack the resources to address the challenges of a changing climate.
By providing financial and technical support, the GCF enables these countries to mitigate climate change, build resilience, and achieve sustainable development goals.
Recent Approvals: As mentioned, the GCF recently approved over USD 120 million in new funding for Ghana, the Maldives, and Mauritania. These countries will use the funds to enhance climate resilience and adaptation efforts.
GCF Partnerships: The GCF works in collaboration with national governments, private sector entities, and multilateral institutions to ensure comprehensive solutions to the climate crisis.
The UNFCCC is a key international environmental treaty that addresses the global challenge of climate change. It aims to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere and prevent dangerous interference with the climate system.
Signing & Ratification:
Signed: 1992, at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro (also known as the Rio Conference or Rio Summit).
Entered into Force: 1994.
Ratified by: 197 countries.
Mission:
The UNFCCC's ultimate goal, as stated in Article 2, is to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations at a level that prevents dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.
Time Frame: This should be achieved in a time frame that allows ecosystems to adapt naturally, ensures food production is not threatened, and enables sustainable economic development.
Establishment of the IPCC:
In 1988, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and UNEP established the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The IPCC assesses the impacts of climate change, presents response strategies, and provides up-to-date interdisciplinary knowledge on climate science.
The Conference of the Parties (COP):
Role: The COP is the supreme decision-making body of the UNFCCC.
Function: The COP holds annual sessions where decisions regarding the climate change process are made.
COP Presidency: The position of COP President rotates among the five UN regional groups. The President, usually the environment minister of their country, facilitates COP proceedings and promotes agreements among Parties.
Subsidiary Bodies (SBs):
The UNFCCC has two permanent subsidiary bodies:
SBSTA (Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice): Provides timely advice to the COP on scientific and technological matters related to the Convention.
SBI (Subsidiary Body for Implementation): Assists the COP in assessing and reviewing the effective implementation of the Convention.
The Secretariat:
The UNFCCC Secretariat services the COP, the subsidiary bodies, and other bodies established by the COP. It is based in Bonn, Germany (since 1996), and its role is to coordinate the operations of the Convention.
Other Bodies:
Various bodies have been set up by the COP to focus on specific issues, and they report back to the COP once their work is completed. For example, the Dialogue established at COP 11 helps analyze strategic approaches for long-term climate cooperation.
1979: First World Climate Conference (WCC).
1988: IPCC established to assess climate change science.
1992: Adoption of the UNFCCC at the Earth Summit in Rio.
1994: UNFCCC enters into force.
1997: COP 3 in Kyoto, Japan: Adoption of the Kyoto Protocol, which legally binds developed nations to emission reduction targets.
2001: COP 6-2 (Bonn, Germany): Significant progress on the operational rules for the Kyoto Protocol.
2007: COP 13 (Bali, Indonesia): Launch of the Bali Road Map for post-2012 climate action.
2009: COP 15 (Copenhagen, Denmark): The Copenhagen Accord is drafted, but failed to achieve a binding agreement.
2015: COP 21 (Paris, France): Adoption of the Paris Agreement, which aims to limit global temperature rise to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursue efforts to limit it to 1.5°C.
2018: COP 24 (Katowice, Poland): The Paris Rulebook is finalized, clarifying how the Paris Agreement's targets should be met.
2020: COP 25: Discussions on finalizing the Paris Agreement Rulebook and increasing climate ambition.
Kyoto Protocol (1997):
Legally binding targets for developed countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Established market-based mechanisms like emissions trading, Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), and Joint Implementation (JI).
Paris Agreement (2015):
A landmark accord aimed at keeping global temperature rise below 2°C, with an aspiration of 1.5°C.
Includes financial commitments from developed countries to support developing nations with $100 billion annually for climate change mitigation and adaptation.
Green Climate Fund (GCF):
Established under the Cancun Agreements (COP 16, 2010), the GCF provides financial support to developing countries for climate change adaptation and mitigation projects.
Disagreements on the IPCC's 1.5°C Report:
The U.S., Saudi Arabia, and Russia did not accept the 1.5°C target as a critical benchmark, leading to delays in decision-making.
Equity Issues:
Developing countries continue to call for clearer commitments from developed nations regarding the $100 billion/year climate finance pledge.
The principle of common but differentiated responsibilities remains a contentious issue, especially regarding financial contributions from wealthier nations.
Market Mechanisms:
Negotiations around the carbon markets and carbon credits have been challenging, with developing countries like China, India, and Brazil pushing for the recognition of unused carbon credits under the Kyoto Protocol.
Slow Progress on Targets:
While climate change science has advanced, global emission reduction targets have not been met, and some countries, like the United States, have withdrawn from the Paris Agreement, undermining collective efforts.
Financial Constraints:
The $100 billion/year funding commitment made by developed nations under the Paris Agreement has not been sufficient for some nations, particularly small island states.
Public Awareness:
The UNFCCC has significantly raised global awareness of climate change and its impacts, particularly through efforts like the Nairobi Work Programme and National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs).
Market-based Solutions:
Initiatives like the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) have allowed countries to generate and trade carbon credits to meet emissions reduction targets.
Global Cooperation:
The UNFCCC has facilitated international partnerships for technology transfer and climate finance, particularly benefiting developing countries in addressing climate change.
Paris Agreement:
The Paris Agreement is a historic breakthrough, representing a global consensus on the need for urgent climate action, with all countries committing to mitigate climate impacts according to their capacities.
India has consistently advocated for the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, emphasizing the historical responsibility of developed countries for the majority of greenhouse gas emissions. India's agenda includes:
Reaffirming its climate action efforts, which already exceed those of many developed nations.
Advocating for equity in climate finance and technology transfer.
Reiterating the need for increased funding for climate adaptation in vulnerable countries.
The Green Climate Fund is an essential component in the global response to climate change, providing vital resources to support developing countries. With its flexible financing approach and country-driven programming, it helps nations reduce emissions, adapt to climate impacts, and progress toward a sustainable, climate-resilient future.
The Quad Critical Minerals Initiative launched by the United States, India, Australia, and Japan marks a significant shift in global geopolitics and economic strategy, especially with regard to critical mineral supply chains. The backdrop of this initiative stems from the growing concern over China's dominant position in the production and processing of rare earth elements (REEs) and other vital minerals that power modern technologies.
Resilient Supply Chains: The initiative aims to diversify and secure supply chains for critical minerals needed in industries like electric vehicles (EVs), semiconductors, and defense technologies.
Reduce Dependency on China: Quad nations want to reduce their reliance on China, which currently dominates the global market for critical mineral processing.
Enhance Recycling & Innovation: The initiative includes efforts to boost private sector investment and promote the recycling of critical minerals, along with technology development for mineral extraction and processing.
China's Strategic Position: China controls a large percentage of global processing, particularly in rare earth elements like neodymium and praseodymium (used in EV motors, military applications, etc.).
Risk of Supply Disruptions: The dependency on China has led to vulnerabilities such as economic coercion, price manipulation, and supply disruptions, especially in the context of rising geopolitical tensions.
Electric Vehicle Setbacks: India's burgeoning electric vehicle industry has faced serious hurdles due to Chinese export restrictions on rare earth minerals, such as the vital neodymium magnets for EV motors.
Bureaucratic Hurdles: China's end-user licenses and bureaucratic requirements for approving Indian carmaker applications have further complicated the situation, with India struggling to compete with foreign car manufacturers who have more access to China's supply chain.
Cooperative Approach: The Quad nations are not only focusing on securing resources but also ensuring that the supply chain remains diversified. This includes international collaboration, research and development (R&D), and investment in sustainable mining practices.
Public-Private Collaboration: One of the cornerstones of this initiative is enhancing cooperation between government bodies and private sectors to bring innovation to mining, processing, and recycling efforts.
G7 Critical Minerals Action Plan: The Quad initiative is rooted in the commitments made by the G7 in Canada to diversify supply chains and collaborate with emerging markets for mineral extraction and processing.
RISE Initiative & World Bank Support: The Resilient and Inclusive Supply Chain Enhancement (RISE) initiative aims to develop secure and sustainable mineral supply chains in partnership with the World Bank. This aligns with Quad's long-term goals.
Domestic Push for Mineral Security: India is ramping up its efforts to strengthen mineral exploration, research and development, and recycling through its National Critical Mineral Mission, which is backed by a massive ₹16,300 crore investment.
Global Partnerships: India has joined the Minerals Security Partnership (MSP) to enhance its global outreach and collaborate with nations like Australia, South Korea, Finland, and Sweden to improve access to critical minerals.
Strategic Technology Partnership: The Transforming Relationship Utilizing Strategic Technology (TRUST) initiative signed during PM Modi’s visit to Washington in 2025 aims to focus on key minerals like lithium and rare earth elements.
Co-Develop Extraction Technologies: This partnership will focus on joint technologies for extraction and processing, ensuring that both nations are better equipped to manage critical mineral supplies independently of China.
Geopolitical Ramifications: This move could reshape the global balance of power in terms of resource access and technological competitiveness, especially as countries like China are cornered into a position where their monopoly on critical minerals could be threatened.
Economic Growth for Emerging Markets: The Quad's initiative and related partnerships will likely lead to more investment in mineral-rich developing countries, bringing economic prosperity and infrastructure growth.
Environmental Impact: The push for increasing the supply of critical minerals comes with its own environmental risks. Sustainable mining practices, recycling, and tech innovation will be necessary to balance supply needs with ecological preservation.
The Quad Critical Minerals Initiative is an ambitious, multifaceted strategy to ensure that the global supply chains for critical minerals are not only secure but also sustainable and diversified. For countries like India, this initiative promises to bolster energy security, industrial growth, and strategic partnerships in the ever-competitive global market for high-tech minerals.
This effort builds on existing frameworks like the G7 Critical Minerals Action Plan and India’s National Critical Mineral Mission, while also fostering new technological advancements that will help reduce the global over-reliance on China, making the global supply of critical minerals more resilient and diverse.
Critical minerals are resources that are essential for a country’s economic development and national security. They are needed to manufacture high-tech goods, enable the transition to clean energy, and strengthen defense capabilities. These minerals are often in limited supply or concentrated in specific regions, creating risks of supply chain disruptions and geopolitical tensions.
Examples: Lithium, cobalt, rare earth elements, nickel, graphite, and gallium are all crucial for the renewable energy transition, EVs, semiconductors, and defense technologies.
India's List: India has identified 30 critical minerals, including lithium, cobalt, rare earth elements, and titanium, through a comprehensive process based on resource availability, import dependence, and their role in advancing future technologies and clean energy solutions.
Catalyzing Green Energy and EV Transition:
Renewable Energy: Minerals like lithium and cobalt are essential for lithium-ion batteries, solar panels, and wind turbines.
Electric Vehicles: India's transition to EVs hinges on domestic access to critical minerals, which would help lower battery production costs and make EVs more affordable. The discovery of lithium reserves in Jammu & Kashmir and the Mines and Minerals Amendment Act show India's intention to reduce its reliance on imports.
Target: India’s goal to become a net-zero emitter by 2070 means significantly increasing the use of clean energy technologies. The demand for minerals like lithium is projected to increase by 500% by 2050 to meet global Net Zero commitments.
Strategic Autonomy and Reducing Import Dependency:
India currently sources 60% of its rare earth minerals from China, making its industries, including defense, vulnerable to supply chain disruptions. Expanding domestic mining operations and refining capabilities will help reduce this dependency and boost self-sufficiency.
Electric Vehicle Ecosystem:
India aims to achieve 30% EV penetration by 2030, which would require significant amounts of critical minerals for battery manufacturing. Domestic production would help in reducing costs and improving accessibility.
India’s collaboration with Australia through the Critical Minerals Investment Partnership (2022) and efforts like KABIL (Khanij Bidesh India Ltd.) will be vital in securing global mineral supply chains for EVs.
Supporting Semiconductor and High-Tech Manufacturing:
Critical minerals are vital for semiconductor production. Rare minerals like gallium and germanium are needed for high-tech devices, making them essential for India’s $10 billion semiconductor initiative. Developing domestic mineral processing would reduce import dependency and position India as a global electronics manufacturing hub.
Job Creation and Economic Growth:
Developing critical mineral industries will create a new industrial ecosystem in India, fostering job creation, GDP growth, and reducing regional disparities. Government efforts to attract foreign investments and develop infrastructure in resource-rich areas can help ensure the viability of this sector.
Global Trade Position and Export Growth:
With China currently processing 90% of global rare earths, India has an opportunity to enter the market with value-added processed minerals. It can leverage its own reserves and global partnerships to capture global markets and reduce its trade deficit.
Overdependence on Imports:
India remains heavily reliant on imports, especially from China, for many critical minerals. This dependency exposes India to geopolitical risks and trade barriers, such as China's export restrictions on minerals like germanium.
Limited Domestic Exploration:
Exploration gaps and outdated methods hinder India’s ability to capitalize on its reserves. Only 48% of mineral blocks auctioned between 2020-2023 were sold, and many of these lacked the required exploration data, making them unattractive to investors.
Underdeveloped Processing and Refining Capacity:
Although India has some critical mineral reserves, it lacks the infrastructure and technology to process these minerals. For example, it has lithium reserves but no domestic refining capacity. This forces India to rely on external players for value-added processing, just as China does for rare earths.
Geopolitical Competition:
Resource-rich nations are increasingly entering exclusive agreements for mineral supply with countries like China and the U.S. India’s efforts to secure minerals from countries like Argentina and Australia through KABIL have been slow compared to the aggressive strategies employed by other nations.
Environmental and Social Concerns:
Mining operations in ecologically sensitive areas like Jammu & Kashmir raise environmental and social concerns. Local communities may resist mineral extraction, especially in areas with vulnerable ecosystems.
High Upfront Costs and Delayed Returns:
The high capital costs required for mining critical minerals, combined with long timelines for transitioning from exploration to production, deter private investment. The delayed returns from such projects can make the sector less attractive to potential investors.
Weak Recycling and Circular Economy:
India’s recycling industry is underdeveloped, particularly for e-waste. With India generating millions of tonnes of e-waste annually, there is significant potential for recovering valuable minerals like cobalt and rare earth elements. Developing formal recycling systems can help reduce the need for virgin minerals and increase resource efficiency.
Establish a Unified National Authority:
India needs a centralized body to oversee exploration, acquisition, processing, and recycling, ensuring streamlined decision-making and policy coordination across ministries. A Center of Excellence for Critical Minerals (CECM) could facilitate this.
Develop Strategic Stockpiles:
India could build stockpiles of high-priority minerals like lithium, cobalt, and gallium to safeguard against global supply disruptions and price fluctuations.
Fiscal Incentives for Exploration and Processing:
Providing upfront fiscal incentives (e.g., subsidies, tax rebates, or soft loans) for exploration and processing activities can de-risk investments and attract private players. This model has worked in other sectors, such as semiconductors under the PLI scheme.
Public-Private Partnerships (PPP):
India should foster PPPs for mining and refining to leverage advanced technologies, investments, and expertise. Collaborating with global leaders like Australia’s Lynas Rare Earths or Tesla could boost India’s refining capabilities.
Leverage Mineral Diplomacy:
India should expand bilateral agreements with resource-rich nations like Australia, Canada, and Chile, focusing on securing stable, diversified mineral supplies. India’s partnership with Australia in 2022 was a step in this direction.
Promote Domestic Manufacturing:
India should incentivize domestic manufacturing of EV batteries, solar panels, and other products using critical minerals through dedicated PLI schemes for these sectors.
Invest in Recycling and Circular Economy:
India should invest in advanced recycling technologies for e-waste and create formal recycling ecosystems. The introduction of take-back schemes for used electronics could significantly reduce reliance on new mineral supplies.
R&D in Mining and Processing:
India must invest in R&D for advanced mining technologies to improve the efficiency of operations, such as AI-based exploration or in-situ leaching, and develop more sustainable processing methods.
NITI Aayog's proposed roadmap to boost India's chemical exports is a significant step toward enhancing the country's position in global chemical supply chains and addressing existing infrastructure and production bottlenecks.
Goal to Double Chemical Exports by 2030:
India aims to nearly double its chemical exports from the current $44 billion by 2030.
The target is to overcome the limitations of domestic demand by tapping into the global market, especially in high-value and high-demand specialty chemicals.
Focus on Production Clusters:
India plans to develop new and enhance existing production clusters to scale up production.
The key regions for this will be Maharashtra, Gujarat, West Bengal, and Tamil Nadu, which already dominate India’s chemical manufacturing landscape.
Improvement of Infrastructure:
A significant focus is on upgrading port infrastructure to streamline logistics and storage.
The creation of port-centric clusters will directly support chemical manufacturing, enabling smooth movement of raw materials and finished products.
The strategic identification of potential supply chain choke points, similar to China’s approach, will be used to guide targeted investments.
Sales-Linked Incentive Scheme:
The scheme, proposed as an operational expenditure (opex) subsidy, is designed to:
Encourage the production of critical chemicals locally, thus reducing dependency on imports.
Support the expansion of sectors like agrochemicals, pharma intermediates, battery chemicals, dyes, and petrochemicals.
Promote exports, particularly in high-value chemical segments.
Specialty Chemicals as a Growth Area:
The shift towards specialty chemicals (higher value and more in-demand chemicals) could significantly increase India’s share in global value chains (GVCs).
This move aligns with NITI Aayog’s estimate that India could increase its share in global value chains to 5-6% by 2030, up from its current 3.5%.
Challenges and Recommendations:
The existing PCPIRs (Petroleum, Chemicals, and Petrochemical Investment Regions) in places like Dahej, Paradeep, and Vizag face challenges related to infrastructure, financing, and regulatory hurdles.
Recommendations include revitalizing these regions to make them more attractive for investment, along with a focus on long-term sustainability.
Support for MSMEs and Foreign Investment:
The new incentives and infrastructure upgrades are designed not only to attract large corporations but also to give a boost to MSMEs in the chemical sector, which are crucial for production diversity and employment generation.
Foreign investments will be encouraged through the establishment of more robust infrastructure and the localization of manufacturing.
6th Largest Chemical Producer Globally: India is among the top producers in the world, reflecting a strong presence in various sectors like bulk chemicals, petrochemicals, and agrochemicals.
3rd Largest in Asia: India stands as the third-largest producer in Asia, following China and Japan, two chemical industry giants.
Contribution to GDP: The sector contributes 7% to India’s national GDP, a sizable share that highlights its importance to the economy.
Chemical Exports: India ranks 14th in global chemical exports (excluding pharma), with major chemical and petrochemical exports totaling $23.8 billion in FY23.
Trade Deficit: India faces a $31 billion trade deficit in chemicals, signaling a significant gap between domestic production and import reliance.
Global Value Chain Share: India holds only 3.5% of the global chemical value chain, a fraction of China's 23%. This highlights the untapped potential for growth and export diversification.
Market Value in 2023: The chemical market was valued at $220 billion in 2023.
Target for 2040: The goal is to reach $1 trillion by 2040, a growth of over 4.5 times the current size. This is an ambitious target but feasible with the right strategies and infrastructure investments.
The Chemical Promotion and Development Scheme (CPDS), which facilitates knowledge dissemination and research, is essential to driving innovation and enhancing sectoral capabilities.
Under the PCPIR Policy (2020–2035), the government has set ambitious investment targets—reaching $142 billion by 2025 and potentially scaling to $284 billion by 2035.
De-licensing of the chemical sector (except hazardous chemicals) is another step that has helped make the sector more dynamic.
Trade Deficit in Chemicals:
India faces a $31 billion trade deficit in chemicals (FY23), highlighting the need for both domestic production and export enhancements.
Heavy Dependency on Imports:
Key chemicals, such as those used in pharma intermediates and agrochemicals, are often imported, and shifting this dependency is critical for India’s chemical industry to become more competitive.
Infrastructure and Logistics Bottlenecks:
Despite its considerable production capacity, India’s chemical industry faces logistical issues, especially when it comes to handling bulk chemicals, particularly at ports.
Domestic Demand Not Sufficient:
Limited domestic demand, as emphasized in the report, is a constraint that NITI Aayog plans to address by tapping into the global export market, especially in specialty chemicals.
Focus on Niche Specialization:
India should build on its strength in specialty chemicals, agrochemicals, and polymers, areas where it has established itself as a global leader.
Strategic Partnerships:
Encouraging joint ventures and collaborations with international players in the specialty chemicals sector will enable technology transfer, enhance expertise, and improve market access.
Sustainability and Green Chemistry:
As global industries and consumers are increasingly prioritizing sustainability, India can carve out a niche in green chemistry, which focuses on producing chemicals with minimal environmental impact.
Investment in Skill Development:
The sector will need a skilled workforce for the increased demand for chemicals. Developing vocational training programs and research hubs could help India meet this demand.
NITI Aayog’s proposal offers a strategic roadmap for transforming India’s chemical industry from being heavily import-dependent to becoming a major global player, particularly in high-demand specialty chemicals. By focusing on production clusters, infrastructure upgrades, and new policy frameworks like the sales-linked incentive scheme, India is positioning itself to take advantage of the expanding global demand for chemicals in areas like clean energy, pharma, and advanced manufacturing.
The newly introduced 1% tax on outbound remittances under the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA) by the United States has raised concerns about its potential impact on global remittance flows, particularly for countries like India, which are major recipients of remittances
Key Features of the US Remittance Tax:
Exemptions and Mitigation:
Impact on India’s Remittance Economy:
India is the largest recipient of remittances globally, and a major portion of these come from the United States.
Distributional and Timing Effects:
Broader Trends in Remittance Flows:
India’s Response: Mitigating the Impact
Conclusion:
While the 1% tax on outbound remittances from the US under the One Big Beautiful Bill Act may slightly increase costs for Indian remitters, the overall long-term impact on India’s remittance inflows is expected to be marginal. The exemption for digital channels and smaller transactions will protect most remitters from this tax. Moreover, India's ongoing efforts to enhance payment infrastructure and encourage digital remittance methods will help offset the negative effects of this tax
The Department of Consumer Affairs, under the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution, has launched an important initiative to promote pulse cultivation in India, especially to address surging imports and growing domestic demand.
Launch of Pulse Cultivation Campaign:
The campaign's aim is to boost domestic production of pulses, especially arhar (tur) and urad, which are in high demand both for consumption and import substitution.
Targeted Implementation: The National Cooperative Consumer’s Federation of India Ltd. (NCCF) will oversee the campaign. After a successful pilot in Jharkhand, the initiative will be expanded to 12 districts across seven states:
Jharkhand: Palamu, Latehar, Garhwa
Uttar Pradesh: Mirzapur, Lalitpur
Bihar: Gaya, Jehanabad
Karnataka: Vijaypura
Other States: Manipur and Tripura (districts not specified)
District Selection Criteria: The focus will be on rainfed areas and Aspirational Blocks as identified by NITI Aayog to maximize agricultural impact in underdeveloped regions.
Financial and Procurement Support:
The government has allocated ₹1 crore for seed distribution as part of the initiative.
A 100% procurement guarantee has been offered at the Minimum Support Price (MSP) if the market price falls below the prescribed level.
MSP for the Kharif Season 2025-26:
Arhar (Tur): ₹8,000/quintal
Urad: ₹7,800/quintal
Overview:
Pulses, particularly arhar (tur) and urad, are vital sources of protein in India’s predominantly carbohydrate-rich diet.
India is the largest producer of pulses globally, contributing significantly to world pulse production.
Domestic Production Trends:
India's pulse production has grown from 163.23 lakh tonnes in 2015–16 to 244.93 lakh tonnes in 2023–24.
Major pulse-producing states include:
Madhya Pradesh (MP)
Maharashtra
Rajasthan
Uttar Pradesh (UP)
Karnataka
Tamil Nadu
Kerala
West Bengal
Import-Export Data:
India's dependence on pulse imports has grown significantly, as seen in the following import-export trends:
2021-22: Imports = 26.99 lakh tonnes, Exports = 3.87 lakh tonnes
2022-23: Imports = 24.96 lakh tonnes, Exports = 7.62 lakh tonnes
2023-24: Imports = 47.38 lakh tonnes ($5 billion), Exports = 5.94 lakh tonnes ($686.9 million)
Notably, imports doubled in 2023–24, underlining the rising dependency on foreign sources.
Import and Export Destinations:
Major Import Countries: Canada, Australia, Myanmar, Mozambique, Tanzania
Key Export Destinations: Bangladesh, China, UAE, USA, Sri Lanka
Pradhan Mantri Annadata Aay Sanrakshan Abhiyan (PM-AASHA):
Under the Price Support Scheme (PSS), the government procures pulses at MSP.
Procurement Limit Removal: During 2023–24 and 2024–25, the government lifted the 25% procurement limit for pulses like Tur, Masoor, and Urad, ensuring better procurement and market stability.
National Food Security Mission (NFSM):
Aimed at enhancing foodgrain production, including pulses, across 28 states and 2 Union Territories (J&K and Ladakh).
Crop Diversification Programme (CDP):
Aimed at shifting from water-intensive crops like paddy to pulses and oilseeds in states like Haryana, Punjab, and Western Uttar Pradesh, helping ensure better resource allocation and resilience.
Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY):
Provides states with flexibility to address regional agricultural needs, including specific initiatives for pulse promotion.
Reducing Import Dependence: The surge in pulse imports, particularly from Canada, Myanmar, and Australia, has been a growing concern for India's food security and self-sufficiency. By promoting domestic pulse cultivation, the government hopes to significantly reduce import reliance.
Enhancing Food Security: Pulses are a vital source of protein, and improving domestic production can contribute to better nutrition security for the population, especially for vulnerable groups.
Strengthening Rural Livelihoods: The focus on rainfed and aspirational areas will not only help in boosting production but also create economic opportunities in rural and underdeveloped regions, thereby supporting the rural economy.
Improving Market Stability: The MSP guarantee ensures that farmers are not exposed to significant price fluctuations, which often result in their financial instability, especially when market prices fall below production costs.
India, historically the largest producer of pulses globally, has been grappling with a decline in pulse production in recent years. According to the Department of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare, production dropped significantly in the 2023-24 crop year, from 260 lakh tonnes in 2022-23 to about 234 lakh tonnes in 2023-24, reflecting a decline of around 10% compared to the previous year. This reduction in production follows a drop from 273 lakh tonnes in 2021-22, pointing to a continuous downward trend.
Moong (green gram) saw a sharp drop of over 40% in acreage and a 60% decline in output.
Urad (black gram) also witnessed a 20% fall in both acreage and output, largely attributed to deficit rainfall in major producing states.
Chana and tur saw smaller declines in acreage (2.6% and 0.6%, respectively), but their output remained nearly constant compared to previous years.
The rise in pulse prices has not been uniform:
Tur prices saw a steep rise of 30-40%.
Moong and Urad had a relatively smaller rise of 10-14% over the same period.
This uneven price surge has implications for affordability, with poorer households being hit hardest by the increased cost of protein-rich pulses.
The increasing price of pulses has a direct impact on the poor, as pulses are a crucial source of protein in a predominantly carbohydrate-heavy diet. A steep rise in their prices further exacerbates the challenges faced by low-income households.
Despite the rise in domestic pulse production over the last decade (from 171 lakh tonnes in 2014-15 to 234 lakh tonnes in 2023-24), India still lags behind demand. This discrepancy in supply and demand is a chronic issue, resulting in increased imports to meet the deficit.
Rising Reliance on Imports:
India's dependence on pulse imports has grown significantly, especially in the face of declining domestic production. The data from the Commerce Ministry reveals a sharp 60% increase in pulse imports in 2023-24:
Imports: 32.5 lakh tonnes (up from 20.3 lakh tonnes in the previous year)
This highlights the growing challenge for India to balance domestic supply and external sourcing.
Limited Short-Term Import Options:
India is both the largest producer and consumer of pulses, making it difficult to quickly augment supplies from other countries in the short term.
Traditional Import Sources:
Myanmar has been a major source of tur, moong, and urad pulses.
For peas, the primary suppliers have been Canada and Australia.
Emerging Import Sources:
Countries like Tanzania, Mozambique, Malawi, and Kenya have recently become emerging suppliers.
Price Fluctuations in Exporting Countries:
The shortages in India can result in higher prices in the exporting countries, which impacts the cost competitiveness of imports.
The per capita availability of pulses has steadily declined, from 25 kg in 1961 to 16 kg in 2021. This sharp drop highlights the long-term structural issues in the pulses sector, including:
Sluggish growth in production since the 1960s,
A shift in cropping patterns,
Low irrigation levels in pulse-growing areas.
Irrigated Areas: There has been a notable shift from cereal-pulse cropping to cereal-cereal cropping, especially in irrigated areas. This shift has been particularly visible in states like Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh, where water-intensive crops like wheat and rice dominate, and the area under pulse cultivation has been shrinking.
Irrigation coverage:
Sugarcane: 96% irrigated
Wheat: 95% irrigated
Rice: 65% irrigated
Pulses: Only 23% irrigated
This low irrigation coverage in pulse-growing regions is a major reason for lower yields and lower output.
The government’s targeted program to promote pulse cultivation is a strategic step towards ensuring food security, reducing import dependency, and improving rural livelihoods in India. With financial support, procurement guarantees, and policy initiatives, this program has the potential to bolster domestic production of pulses, helping to meet the increasing demand while safeguarding farmers' interests. This is a timely move to address the growing challenge posed by rising pulse imports and to enhance India’s agricultural self-sufficiency.
The Vera C Rubin Observatory is a groundbreaking astronomical facility located in Chile, atop the Cerro Pachón mountain in the Chilean Andes. It has been designed to revolutionize our understanding of the universe credit to its cutting-edge technology and state-of-the-art instruments. One of the most significant features of the observatory is its 3,200-megapixel digital camera, the largest of its kind ever built, which enables it to capture stunningly detailed images of the night sky.
Location: The observatory is situated at an altitude of 8,684 feet above sea level on Cerro Pachónmountain in the Chilean Andes, chosen for its exceptional quality in terms of clear skies and minimal light pollution.
Naming: It is named after Vera C. Rubin, an American astronomer who, in the 1970s, provided the first strong evidence for the existence of dark matter through her observations of galaxies.
Collaborations: The observatory is a partnership between the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), the National Science Foundation (NSF), and other institutions.
Simonyi Survey Telescope: The heart of the observatory is the Simonyi Survey Telescope, which has several unique features:
Wide Field View: The telescope's field of view is vast, allowing it to capture large portions of the sky at once. This is in stark contrast to other famous telescopes like Hubble and James Webb, which focus on much smaller portions of the sky.
Largest Digital Camera: The telescope's camera is the largest digital camera in the world, equivalent in size to a small car and weighing 2,800 kg. Its 3,200-megapixel resolution enables it to capture ultra-high-resolution images.
Rapid Movement: It is also the fastest-slewing telescope globally, capable of moving from one target to another in just 5 seconds. This speed is achieved due to its three-mirror design and the oil-film mount that allows for rapid adjustments.
Mapping the Universe: The observatory will continuously scan the southern hemisphere's sky for the next 10 years, producing around 20 terabytes of data per night. This constant observation will allow scientists to detect even the smallest changes in the sky, making it an invaluable tool for studying cosmic phenomena.
Automated Alerts: The observatory’s software system will compare new images with previous ones and automatically generate up to 10 million alerts per night when it detects changes like the appearance of new stars, supernovae, or other transient cosmic events.
Dark Matter and Dark Energy: One of the major scientific goals of the Vera C Rubin Observatory is to enhance our understanding of the mysterious dark matter and dark energy, which make up 95% of the universe. While ordinary matter (galaxies, stars, planets) accounts for only about 5% of the universe, dark energy is believed to make up about 68% and dark matter 27%.
The Rubin Observatory will provide comprehensive and high-resolution images of the sky like never before, offering an unprecedented look into the universe's mysteries.
Its ability to capture vast amounts of data and detect subtle changes in the sky will make it a crucial tool for cosmologists and astronomers looking to answer fundamental questions about the cosmos.
The observatory’s impact on dark matter and dark energy research will be monumental, helping scientists test various theories and models about the universe's composition.
Researchers at the Raman Research Institute (RRI), under the Department of Science and Technology (DST), have introduced an innovative technique called Raman-Driven Spin Noise Spectroscopy (RDSNS). This method is designed to address challenges in magnetometry, which is the measurement of magnetic fields, and could revolutionize quantum magnetometers with enhanced precision and portability.
A magnetometer is an instrument used to measure the changes in the Earth's magnetic field or any other magnetic field. Magnetometers play an essential role in various fields, from navigation to medical imaging and even fundamental physics. Some key facts about magnetometers:
Working Principle: They generally detect polarization rotation of probe light passing through alkali atoms under the influence of a magnetic field.
Types of Magnetometers:
Optically Pumped Atomic Magnetometers (OPAMs): These have high sensitivity but require sophisticated magnetic shielding and have a lower dynamic range.
Spin Exchange Relaxation Free (SERF) Magnetometers: They also offer high sensitivity but have similar limitations.
Applications:
Medical Imaging: Used in techniques like Magnetoencephalography (MEG) to study brain activity.
Navigation: Utilized in compasses and geophysical surveys.
Fundamental Physics: Used in quantum research, particularly in exploring fundamental quantum properties like spin and magnetic moments.
RDSNS is a new quantum sensing technique that allows precise measurement of magnetic fields without the need to physically interact with the atoms. It relies on the spin noise of Rubidium atoms, which are key components in many atomic-based magnetometers.
Spin Noise: The spin of an atom is akin to a tiny magnet. These spins fluctuate or jitter in random ways—these fluctuations are called spin noise. This noise occurs due to the quantum nature of the atom’s spin.
The Role of Lasers: By shining laser light on the Rubidium atoms, researchers can detect these tiny jittery movements of the spins.
Magnetic Field Interaction: When the Rubidium atoms are exposed to a magnetic field, the pattern of spin noise shifts predictably. This shift provides valuable information about the magnetic field's strength and direction.
How It Works: The process involves shining lasers on the atoms, analyzing the spin noise patterns, and using this data to accurately measure the magnetic field. This technique allows measurement without touching or disturbing the atoms.
Enhanced Dynamic Range: Unlike traditional magnetometers, RDSNS offers a much broader dynamic range, making it capable of measuring both weak and strong magnetic fields with high precision.
High Sensitivity: The method enhances sensitivity without compromising the quality of data. It can detect even the most minute changes in the magnetic field.
Portable and Fast: One of the most significant advantages of RDSNS is that it allows portable, real-time measurements in real-world environments, making it more versatile than conventional methods.
Noise Resistance: RDSNS works even in noisy environments, making it ideal for field-deployable applications. This is a major breakthrough for quantum magnetometry, as previous methods often required highly controlled conditions.
Broadband Capability: The method can measure a wide range of magnetic field strengths, making it suitable for diverse applications.
The development of RDSNS has the potential to transform magnetometry and open up a wide array of possibilities:
Quantum Magnetometers: It could be used to develop more advanced quantum magnetometers, which could be faster, more accurate, and compact, suitable for real-world applications.
Scientific Research: This method could greatly aid in exploring fundamental quantum phenomena, allowing better analysis of atomic interactions and magnetic properties.
Field Deployments: The portable nature of the method could make it ideal for remote sensing or field research, where traditional methods would be cumbersome or impractical.
Industrial and Exploration: It could be used in geophysical surveys, mineral exploration, or navigation, as it offers high accuracy in detecting magnetic fields in various environments.
Medical Imaging: Like other magnetometry-based techniques, it could further improve applications like Magnetoencephalography (MEG), which studies the magnetic fields produced by neural activity.
The Erasmus+ programme is a major initiative by the European Union aimed at fostering international academic mobility. Recently, 101 Indian students (including 50 women) were awarded the Erasmus+ scholarship for pursuing master's programs in Europe, marking a significant milestone for academic exchange and global cooperation.
Launched in 1987, the Erasmus+ programme is the EU's flagship initiative supporting international academic mobility. It is designed to provide opportunities for students, young people, and adults to study, train, volunteer, or gain work experience abroad, and it aims to expand skills and competencies while promoting European cooperation. Here are some key highlights of the programme:
Study Opportunities: Students can study at two or more European universities, earning joint, double, or multiple degrees. This offers significant academic mobility, allowing students to experience diverse educational systems across Europe.
Financial Support: The programme covers tuition fees, travel costs, and living expenses, making higher education in Europe more accessible to international students.
Variety of Participants: Erasmus+ caters to a broad range of individuals, from students to young people, teachers, trainers, and adult learners.
International Cooperation: Educational institutions across Europe and partner countries have opportunities to engage in collaborations, including research, teaching, and networking on a European level.
The Erasmus+ programme focuses on several key objectives:
Educational Development: Promoting educational, professional, and personal growth through international exposure.
Social Cohesion and Innovation: Supporting growth, employment, and social cohesion through educational mobility and international collaboration.
Strengthening European Identity: Encouraging active citizenship and fostering a sense of belonging within Europe, as well as promoting European values.
Erasmus+ offers a range of study, work, and volunteer opportunities for students:
Study Abroad: Students can study at a European university for 2 to 12 months.
Internships Abroad: The programme allows students to undertake internships in various countries, ranging from 2 to 12 months.
Erasmus Mundus Joint Master Degrees: Students have the chance to pursue 1 to 2-year Master's programmes in Europe, often earning joint degrees from several institutions.
Volunteering: Erasmus+ also offers opportunities for students to volunteer abroad, enhancing personal development while contributing to local communities.
In addition to academic mobility, Erasmus+ promotes:
Learning Mobility: Erasmus+ facilitates the movement of pupils, students, teachers, and trainers within Europe and across partner countries, enhancing intercultural exchange and learning.
Youth Development: It fosters the active participation of young people and youth workers, supporting non-formal learning, creativity, and collaboration among youth organizations.
Sporting Opportunities: Erasmus+ also includes a sports chapter, encouraging grassroots activities in sports and supporting coaches and staff through mobility and cooperation.
The recent Erasmus+ scholarship awards to 101 Indian students, including a significant representation of women, underscores the increasing participation of Indian students in global education. This opportunity allows them to:
Gain exposure to world-class education in European universities.
Enhance their skills and competencies, making them more competitive in the global job market.
Engage in intercultural exchange, understanding different cultures and educational systems.
Build international networks, which can provide academic and professional opportunities in the future.
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We provide offline, online and recorded lectures in the same amount.
Every aspirant is unique and the mentoring is customised according to the strengths and weaknesses of the aspirant.
In every Lecture. Director Sir will provide conceptual understanding with around 800 Mindmaps.
We provide you the best and Comprehensive content which comes directly or indirectly in UPSC Exam.
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