Chautal:

The recent performance of the traditional Bhojpuri Chautal at the welcoming ceremony of India’s Prime Minister in Trinidad and Tobago highlighted the importance of Chautal in Indian classical music, especially in its North Indian and Hindustani classical music forms.

Chautal, also known as Chartaal or Chowtaal, is a rhythmic cycle with 12 beats. It plays a significant role in the accompaniment of Dhrupad and Dhamar styles of both vocal and instrumental performances.

Understanding the Structure of Chautal

1. Rhythmic Cycle (12 beats):

   • Chautal is based on a cycle of 12 beats, which are broken into different segments known as vibhags. There are two primary schools of thought regarding its structure:

     • First View: It is divided into four vibhags of 4, 4, 2, and 2 matras respectively.

     • Second View: It follows a pattern similar to Ektal, consisting of six vibhags, each containing two matras.

   The cyclic structure and its divisions allow for intricate rhythmic variations, creating a dynamic and powerful atmosphere when performed.

2. The Meaning of the Name "Chautal":

   • The name "Chautal" translates to "four claps," referring to the clapping method used in the rhythmic division of the beats. The rhythmic cycle often involves counting or clapping at regular intervals, guiding the performer and the audience through the structure.

Chautal in Musical Performance

• Chautal is often used in the Dhrupad and Dhamar genres, which are ancient forms of Indian classical music. These styles are known for their deep, meditative tones and require a specific rhythmic and melodic framework.

• Pakhawaj: The rhythm of Chautal is closely associated with the pakhawaj, a traditional Indian percussion instrument. The pakhawaj provides a heavy and powerful sound that contrasts with the lighter and more delicate rhythms played on the tabla.

• Performance Style: The performance of Chautal is typically heavy and powerful, bringing out the full weight of the beats and their resonance. It is in contrast to the more delicate style of the tabla, a drum that is often used in other classical genres.

Cultural Significance of Chautal

• Bhojpuri Chautal: Chautal is deeply ingrained in the cultural heritage of regions like Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and parts of Madhya Pradesh. It’s often performed in various folk traditions in these areas, including Bhojpuri music and regional celebrations.

• Global Influence: Chautal has crossed borders and continues to influence musical communities worldwide, especially within the Indian diaspora. The performance in Trinidad and Tobago is a testament to how Indian classical traditions, such as Chautal, are carried and cherished beyond India’s borders.