The Central Government has recently taken steps to include the Pamba River under the National River Conservation Plan (NRCP).

• NRCP is a multi-crore initiative aimed at conserving and protecting major rivers across India, focusing on pollution control and sustainable management.

1. About Pamba River

• The Pamba River is the third longest river in Kerala, after the Periyar River and the Bharathappuzha River.

• It is popularly known as the ‘Dakshina Bhageerathi’ or the ‘Ganga of Kerala’ due to its religious and cultural significance.

• The river is closely linked with the famous Sabarimala Temple.

  • Pilgrims visiting Sabarimala traditionally take a dip in the Pamba River before and after trekking the hill.

Religious and Cultural Importance

• The river is also called Thriveni Sangam, as it is the confluence point for three rivers:

  • Pamba

  • Achankovil

  • Manimala

2. Course and Geography

• Origin: The river rises at an altitude of 1650 meters in the Pulachimalai Hill on the Peerumedu plateau of the Western Ghats.

• Length: It flows for 176 km before emptying into the Arabian Sea, splitting into several channels near its mouth.

• Basin Area: The Pamba river basin covers an area of approximately 2235 sq.km.

• The entire catchment area of the Pamba lies within Kerala.

• The basin is bounded by the Western Ghats to the east and the Arabian Sea to the west.

1. Tributaries

• Major tributaries feeding the Pamba River include:

  • Kakki Ar

  • Azhuta Ar

  • Kakkad Ar

  • Kallar

  • Manimala

  • Achenkovil

Kalai-II Hydroelectric Project is a significant development in Arunachal Pradesh, both in terms of energy production and its potential environmental impact.

1. Key Features of the Project:

1. Capacity & Location:

   • 1,200 MW capacity, which is substantial and will contribute a major share to the state's power generation.

   • Located on the Lohit River, a tributary of the Brahmaputra River in Anjaw District, Arunachal Pradesh, a region with significant hydropower potential.

   Infrastructure Details:

   • The project is designed as a run-of-river with pondage type. This design minimizes the impact on river ecosystems while ensuring power generation by storing some water during periods of high flow.

     The project will include major infrastructure such as a concrete gravity dam, diversion tunnel, intake tunnel, and underground powerhouse complex, indicating the scale and technical complexity of the project.

   Hydropower Capacity:

   • The hydro reservoir capacity is planned at 318.8 million cubic meters, which gives a good idea of the scale of water management involved in the project.

   • 6 turbines, each with a 190 MW capacity, for a total of 1,200 MW. This will contribute significantly to India's renewable energy resources.

   Environmental and Regulatory Process:

   • The Arunachal Pradesh State Pollution Control Board (APSPCB) conducted a public hearing for environmental clearance, which is an important part of the project’s regulatory and environmental review process.

   • This step ensures that local communities, stakeholders, and environmental experts can provide input before the project moves forward.

2. Potential Impact:

• Economic: The Kalai-II project could significantly boost the local and regional economy by providing power for industrial and residential use.

• Environmental: Given its location in a sensitive ecological region, there will likely be concerns related to the impact on local biodiversity, water quality, and the livelihoods of communities dependent on the river.

• Energy Security: The project supports India's broader goal of increasing renewable energy capacity and reducing reliance on fossil fuels.

India’s fight against Left-Wing Extremism (LWE) has seen notable progress, marked by a dramatic reduction in insurgent incidents and a significant contraction of the Red Corridor. The insurgency, primarily driven by Maoist groups, once posed a major threat to India’s internal security, but sustained efforts have transformed the situation.

Key Milestones in India’s Fight Against Left-Wing Extremism

Origins and Spread of LWE:

• 1967: LWE’s roots lie in the Naxalbari movement in West Bengal, which was inspired by Maoist ideology seeking to overthrow the Indian state through armed struggle. The movement spread rapidly across central and eastern India, creating what became known as the Red Corridor.

• 1970s–2000s: Over the decades, the insurgency grew, leading to the establishment of Maoist strongholds in regions like Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Orissa, and Bihar, where tribal populations often felt alienated from mainstream development.

• Sustained Reduction in LWE Incidents:

• 2004–2014: The number of LWE incidents surged during this period, peaking due to poor governance, socio-economic deprivation, and limited state presence in rural areas. This period saw heavy violence and large-scale attacks by Maoists.

• 2014–2023: Between 2014 and 2023, the incidents of LWE-related violence dropped by more than 50%, thanks to the combined efforts of targeted development programs and counter-insurgency operations.

• 2023: 18 districts remain the primary strongholds of Maoist insurgents, a sharp decline from the previous swath of areas affected by LWE. India aims to eliminate Naxalism completely by 2026, further illustrating the success of these measures.

• Key Operations and Intelligence-Led Actions:

• 2024: A series of intelligence operations led to the neutralization of 290 Maoists, supported by NIA and enhanced Special Intelligence Branches. This was a significant blow to the organizational capacity of the insurgents.

• 2025 – Karreguttalu Hill Operation (Operation Black Forest): This operation was one of the most successful in India’s counter-insurgency history. It resulted in the elimination of key Maoist operatives while ensuring that security forces emerged unscathed—demonstrating the increasing effectiveness and precision of India’s counter-extremism operations.

Leadership Crisis Among Maoist Groups:

• Leadership Decline: The successive neutralization of Maoist leaders and the continuous loss of key cadres has caused a leadership vacuum within the insurgency.

• Erosion of Grassroots Support: Improved governance, social welfare, and development programs have led to a decline in support among local populations, who were previously sympathetic to the Maoist cause due to socio-economic issues.

• Additional Strategies to Strengthen India’s Response to LWE

To sustain the success and finally eradicate Left-Wing Extremism, India must continue to adopt multi-pronged strategies:

Governance and Development:

• Last-Mile Delivery of Services: Ensuring that basic services such as healthcare, education, roads, and electricity reach the grassroots level is crucial. Infrastructure development helps integrate these areas into the larger economic and social fabric of India.

• Inclusive Growth: Addressing the socio-economic grievances of tribal and rural communities can help remove the underlying causes that fuel extremism. Employment opportunities, skills development, and land rights should be prioritized to reduce the appeal of extremist ideologies.

• Enhanced Security Architecture:

• Technology-Enabled Policing: Use of advanced surveillance technology, drones, and satellite imagery can aid in real-time monitoring of Maoist activities, enabling quicker and more precise responses.

• Coordinated Intelligence Sharing: Effective coordination between central and state agencies, including the IB, NIA, and local police forces, can improve the flow of actionable intelligence and enhance operational efficiency.

• Area Domination Operations: Security forces need to sustain presence in Maoist-affected areas and conduct area domination operations to prevent Maoists from regrouping and re-establishing control.

• Community-Centric Approach:

• Trust-Building Initiatives: Security forces and the government must prioritize confidence-building measures to engage with local communities. Grievance redressal mechanisms must be in place to address local issues, which are often exploited by Maoists.

• Participatory Governance: Encouraging local communities to be actively involved in decision-making and governance structures can reduce their susceptibility to insurgent influence.

• Rehabilitation and Mainstreaming:

• Surrender-Cum-Rehabilitation Schemes: The government offers rehabilitation packages to Maoist surrenderers, which include education, employment, and skill development. These programs are vital for ensuring that former insurgents can successfully reintegrate into society.

• Livelihood Opportunities: Providing employment and economic opportunities is crucial for preventing re-recruitment into insurgent groups. Training former extremists in livelihood skills such as agriculture, masonry, and handicrafts can help them build sustainable futures.

Inter-Agency & Centre-State Coordination:

• Unified Command: A whole-of-government approach involving central and state agencies, including police, military, and civil administrations, can help implement real-time decision-making processes.

• Joint Task Forces: Involvement of inter-agency task forces for coordinated operations and sharing of intelligence can significantly increase the effectiveness of counter-extremism measures.

9. Related Keywords

1. “Development Defeats Dissent”:

   • Development is key to countering extremism. Providing infrastructure, livelihoods, and social welfare can significantly undermine the ideological appeal of insurgents.

   “Security with Sensitivity”:

   • Balancing security operations with respect for human rights and local cultures is crucial. Aggressive operations may alienate the local population, while a more nuanced approach can build trust and minimize collateral damage.

   “Connectivity as Counter-Insurgency”:

   • Roads, telecommunications, and internet access can act as tools for integration. They help connect remote areas to the broader economic and social systems, while simultaneously providing the government with a more effective means of surveillance and communication.

   “Education Ends Extremism”:

   • Education and skill development programs are critical in breaking the recruitment cycle of extremist groups. Providing access to quality education can offer an alternative to insurgent ideology, especially for the youth.

Conclusion: The SAMADHAN Doctrine

The sustained reduction in LWE is a testament to the success of the SAMADHAN doctrine—a holistic approach focused on:

• Smart leadership with decisive action.

• Aggressive strategy to dismantle Maoist infrastructure.

• Motivation and training of security forces to improve operational readiness.

• Actionable intelligence to outmaneuver insurgent groups.

• Dashboard-based key result areas for effective monitoring.

• Harnessing technology for enhanced policing and intelligence-gathering.

• Localized action plans tailored to the unique challenges of each theatre.

• No access to financing for insurgents, which weakens their capacity to sustain operations.

As India works toward its 2026 deadline to eliminate Naxalism, continued efforts in governance, inclusive development, and community engagement are essential for long-term peace and security. The fight against LWE is not only about security but also about building resilient communities that thrive through development and integration into the mainstream.