Flash Flood in Dharali Village

The flash flood in Dharali village, Uttarkashi, highlights the growing threat of disasters caused by extreme weather events in the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR).

Factors Driving Frequent Disasters in the IHR

• Tectonic Activity and Earthquake Risk: The Himalayas are still rising due to the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates, making the region highly seismically active. Fault lines like Dhaulagiri and Indus-Ganga absorb tectonic stress, triggering earthquakes that often cause landslides, avalanches, and flash floods (e.g., 2005 Kashmir Earthquake).

• Fragile Geology: Being young, sedimentary, and loosely consolidated mountains with steep slopes, the Himalayas are prone to landslides, especially after rain or earthquakes.

• Glacial and Snow-Related Hazards: Accelerated glacier melt due to climate change is expanding glacial lakes, which can burst as Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs), causing sudden downstream flooding (e.g., 2023 South Lhonak Lake GLOF in Sikkim).

• Extreme Rainfall and Cloudbursts: Orographic lift causes intense short bursts of rain or cloudbursts, leading to flash floods and landslides (e.g., 2021 events in Chamoli, Uttarkashi, Pithoragarh).

• River Dynamics and Flash Floods: Young, fast rivers carrying heavy sediments get blocked by landslides or glacial melts, forming natural dams that can burst suddenly. Proposed upstream dams (e.g., Brahmaputra by China) raise further flood risks.

• Deforestation and Land Use Changes: Clearing forests for construction, hydropower, and tourism destabilizes slopes, increasing erosion and disaster vulnerability. Land subsidence in Joshimath (2023) and impacts of Char Dham projects exemplify this.

Key Committees & Recommendations on Disaster Management

• Mishra Committee (1976): Investigated Joshimath sinking, recommended halting new constructions in slip zones until proven stable, and advised against cutting trees or removing boulders in landslide-prone areas.

• J.C. Pant Committee (1999): Classified disasters, recommended including disaster management in the Constitution, enacting stricter laws, and establishing governance bodies (Cabinet Committee, National Council, Ministry of Disaster Management). It proposed capacity-building institutions and dedicated funding, along with fostering preparedness culture.

Disaster Risk Mitigation Measures for IHR

• Early Warning Systems: Deploy solar-powered sensors and cameras for real-time glacial lake monitoring and alerts.

• Engineering Interventions: Build check dams, spillways, drainage channels, and catchment dams to control floodwater flow despite logistical challenges.

• Sustainable Tourism: Implement tourist caps, promote eco-friendly accommodations, enforce waste and water regulations, and channel tourism revenue towards ecosystem and disaster resilience.

• Region-Specific Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA): Tailor EIA frameworks to Himalayan geology and climate to prevent increased disaster risks.

• Revised Building Codes: Mandate earthquake-resistant and landslide-resilient designs for hill regions.

• Climate and Disaster Resilience in Development: Integrate Sendai Framework principles and climate adaptation into infrastructure and urban planning.

• Integrated Watershed & River Basin Management: Promote afforestation, wetland revival, stream bank stabilization, restrict floodplain construction, and establish basin-level governance.

• Community Awareness and Preparedness: Educate downstream communities on cascading hazards, empower local governance (Panchayats), and encourage participatory hazard mapping and community shelters.

• Multi-agency Coordination: Foster collaboration among NDMA, NRSC, Central Water Commission, states, and scientific bodies for effective risk assessment and response.

Conclusion

Balancing development with ecological safeguards is vital to Himalayan stability. Strengthening land-use regulation, climate-resilient infrastructure, and community preparedness — supported by initiatives like the National Mission on Himalayan Studies (NMHS) — can reduce disaster risks and promote safe, sustainable living in the IHR.