The Union Home Minister recently remarked that Zonal Councils have transformed from being mere discussion forums into engines of cooperation, with 83% of the issues discussed in these meetings being resolved. The rise in meetings from 25 (2004-2014) to 63 (2014-2025) is an indicator of increased focus on inter-state and regional cooperation in recent years.
The idea of Zonal Councils was first proposed by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, in 1956. Their creation was aimed at addressing interstate disputes, facilitating cooperation among states, and ensuring balanced socio-economic development across regions.
Creation and Legal Basis:
Established under Sections 15-22 of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956.
The Zonal Councils are statutory bodies, meaning they have been created by law and are recognized in the Indian Constitution.
Objective:
To provide a common platform for the States and Union Territories (UTs) within each zone to resolve interstate and regional issues.
To foster balanced socio-economic regional development.
To build harmonious relations between the Centre and State Governments.
Zonal Council Structure:
The country is divided into five main Zonal Councils and the North Eastern Council.
Northern Zonal Council:
States Included: Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Delhi, and Chandigarh.
Central Zonal Council:
States Included: Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh.
Eastern Zonal Council:
States Included: Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, and West Bengal.
Western Zonal Council:
States Included: Goa, Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Daman & Diu and Dadra & Nagar Haveli.
Southern Zonal Council:
States Included: Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Puducherry.
North Eastern Council:
States Included: Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Tripura, Mizoram, Meghalaya, and Nagaland.
Special Case: Sikkim was included in the North Eastern Council via the North Eastern Council (Amendment) Act, 2002.
Advisory Role:
The Zonal Councils are primarily advisory bodies. They discuss issues of common interest to the states and UTs within the zone and advise the Central Government and the State Governments on actions to be taken.
Key Areas of Discussion:
Issues related to interstate disputes, such as boundary issues, river disputes, or resource sharing.
Matters of economic development, regional planning, infrastructure, and policy alignment.
Social welfare, environmental concerns, and public health.
Organizational Structure:
Chairman: The Union Home Minister serves as the Chairman of all Zonal Councils.
Vice Chairman: The Chief Ministers of the states in the zone serve as the Vice-Chairman. The vice-chairmanship rotates among the chief ministers, with each holding office for one year.
Members:
The Chief Minister and two other ministers from each of the states in the zone.
Two members from each Union Territory (UT) in the zone.
Standing Committee:
Each Zonal Council has a Standing Committee, composed of the Chief Secretaries of the member states, which meets regularly to:
Resolve issues.
Prepare groundwork for Zonal Council meetings.
Ensure efficient coordination between states.
Role of NITI Aayog and Other Senior Officials:
Senior officers from NITI Aayog (previously the Planning Commission), various Central Ministries, and State Governments are involved in Zonal Council meetings, depending on the specific issues being discussed.
Conflict Resolution:
Zonal Councils play an instrumental role in resolving disputes between states, especially on issues like water sharing, inter-state trade, and resource management.
Promoting Regional Cooperation:
They serve as a platform for states and UTs to cooperate on issues such as infrastructure development, regional planning, and socio-economic challenges.
Building Harmonious Centre-State Relations:
These councils help in fostering better relations between the Centre and states, making it easier to address local concerns in a collaborative manner.
Accelerating Development:
By discussing regional development needs, the Zonal Councils help in the formulation of regional plans, ensuring a more balanced development across the country.
The Zonal Councils serve as essential mechanisms for addressing regional issues, promoting interstate cooperation, and fostering socio-economic development across India. With their increasing effectiveness, they are proving to be key drivers of regional harmony and balanced growth.
The Enforcement Directorate (ED) has recently registered an Enforcement Case Information Report (ECIR) against 29 individuals, including actors, television hosts, social media influencers, and YouTubers, for allegedly promoting illegal betting applications.
An ECIR is an internal document used by the Enforcement Directorate (ED), similar to a First Information Report (FIR) used by the police in criminal investigations. However, unlike an FIR, an ECIR is not statutorily mandated and doesn't have the same legal standing. Here are the key points:
Purpose of ECIR:
The ECIR is used to register information received by the ED about an alleged offense of money laundering.
It marks the beginning of ED’s investigation, which could include actions like asset attachment and arrests.
Legal Status:
The ECIR does not have any specific mention in the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA) or related rules, making it a non-statutory document.
The Supreme Court has clarified that an ECIR cannot be treated as an FIR. This is important because, unlike an FIR, there is no legal obligation for the ED to supply a copy of the ECIR to the accused.
ECIRs are intended for the internal use of the ED, for tracking and organizing cases, and for departmental convenience.
Difference Between ECIR and FIR:
While an FIR is a formal report that is required to be registered by the police and given to the accused, the ECIR is used exclusively within the ED's procedural framework.
The ECIR doesn't provide the same rights to the accused as an FIR would, such as the right to a copy of the report.
Proceedings After ECIR:
Once the ECIR is registered, the ED can initiate investigations under the PMLA Act and take necessary legal action, which can include freezing assets, arresting individuals, and even issuing provisional attachment orders.
The ED is a premier law enforcement agency responsible for dealing with economic crimes in India. It was established in 1956 and operates under the Ministry of Finance, specifically under the Department of Revenue.
Mandate:
The ED focuses on investigating economic offenses, such as money laundering, corruption, and breaches of foreign exchange laws.
It handles cases under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA), the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (FEMA), and the Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018 (FEOA).
Functions:
The ED has the authority to attach assets linked to money laundering offenses and to prosecute individuals involved in economic crimes.
It plays a critical role in combating illegal financial flows, tackling black money, and addressing issues related to terror financing and organized crime.
Famous Cases:
The ED has been involved in numerous high-profile cases, including those related to money laundering in the banking sector, corporate frauds, and corruption by political figures and businesspersons.
In the recent case, the ED has filed an ECIR against a group of actors, influencers, and YouTubers accused of promoting illegal online betting apps. These apps violate India's laws regarding online gambling and betting.
Illegal Betting: India has strict laws prohibiting online gambling and betting under various state and central regulations.
Role of Influencers: The growing influence of social media platforms has raised concerns over how influencers and celebrities are promoting illegal activities, often without proper regulation. The ED’s action highlights the need for greater accountability in the digital age, especially regarding illegal financial activities.
Money Laundering: If the betting activities are linked to illegal money movements, the PMLA comes into play, which allows the ED to investigate and take action, including freezing assets or detaining accused individuals.
The ED enforces three important laws to combat economic offenses:
Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (FEMA):
FEMA governs cross-border trade and investment, and the ED investigates cases of illegal foreign exchange transactions and violations of FEMA provisions.
Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA):
PMLA is designed to prevent and control money laundering, and it provides a legal framework for attaching properties linked to criminal activities and prosecuting offenders.
Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018 (FEOA):
The FEOA aims to deal with economic offenders who flee the country to avoid legal proceedings, empowering authorities to seize assets linked to these fugitives.
The Enforcement Case Information Report (ECIR) is a crucial tool for the Enforcement Directorate to begin investigations into money laundering offenses.
The Akash Missile System is a Short Range Surface to Air Missile (SAM) developed by India’s Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). It is primarily designed to protect vulnerable areas and critical points from aerial threats, playing a key role in India's air defence strategy.
Design and Development:
Indigenous System: Developed by DRDO and produced by Bharat Dynamics Ltd. (BDL) based in Hyderabad, the Akash missile is part of India's efforts to boost indigenous defense capabilities.
Propulsion and Speed:
The missile features a solid-fuel ramjet propulsion system, enabling it to reach speeds of Mach 2.5 to 3.5, which is approximately 4,200 km/h.
This speed allows the missile to intercept fast-moving aerial targets effectively.
Range and Altitude:
The Akash missile system has an operational range between 4.5 km to 25 km.
It can engage targets at altitudes of up to 18 km, making it highly versatile for various defense scenarios.
Guidance and Accuracy:
The missile uses command guidance and is equipped with a digital autopilot for precision targeting.
The system also incorporates self-destruct mechanisms, ensuring minimal collateral damage in case of a target miss.
Warhead Capacity:
Each missile is capable of carrying a 60 kg warhead, which can either be conventional or nuclear.
Kill Probability:
The missile system has a kill probability of 88% with a single missile and an impressive 99% kill probability when fired in a salvo of two.
Radar System:
The Rajendra phased array radar plays a central role in targeting. It is a 3D passive electronically scanned array radar (PESA) that provides detailed information on a target’s range, azimuth, and height.
The radar can guide multiple missiles simultaneously, ensuring high operational efficiency.
Electronic Counter-Counter Measures (ECCM):
The system is equipped with ECCM features, which allow it to operate effectively in an electronic warfare environment, countering jamming and other forms of interference.
Mobile and Versatile:
The Akash Weapon System is mounted on mobile platforms, which allows it to be rapidly deployed and repositioned as needed.
Its open-system architecture ensures that the system is adaptable to both current and future air defense environments.
Indigenous Defence Capability: The Akash missile system is a testament to India's growing indigenous defense production capabilities. It reduces reliance on foreign weapon systems and boosts India's self-reliance in defense.
Regional Power Projection: The Akash system enhances India’s air defense capacity, especially in regions where threats may arise from aerial attacks, helping to maintain air superiority in the Indian subcontinent.
Export Prospects: The system has been positioned as a potential export product for other nations, and India has actively sought international buyers, including Brazil. However, recent setbacks, such as Brazil reportedly halting negotiations, could pose a challenge to India’s defense export efforts.
The Akash Missile System is a highly advanced and capable defense asset for India, offering a strong air defense solution with significant capabilities. While its export potential is promising, challenges like halted negotiations and competition from other missile producers highlight the complexities of global defense sales.
Recently, activists have raised concerns about the development plans for Bhadrakali Lake, especially in light of the shrinking lake area.
key issues include:
Lake Shrinkage:
The lake has been undergoing significant shrinking, which raises alarms about its future ecological health and the loss of its water-holding capacity.
Factors such as encroachments, pollution, and reduced water inflow due to urbanization and climate change have contributed to the lake's diminishing size.
Island Development Plans:
The Telangana government has proposed island development within the lake, which involves creating infrastructure for tourism and recreational purposes on the islands.
Environmental Impact:
Expanding tourism and infrastructural projects on the lake islands could disturb the water quality, aquatic life, and overall ecological balance.
Construction and human activity in or around the lake might disrupt the habitats of local wildlife and increase pollution levels, e
Location: The Bhadrakali Lake is situated in Warangal, Telangana, and is an important historical and cultural landmark in the region.
Historical Significance:
The lake is an artificial water body believed to have been constructed in the 12th century by Ganapati Deva, the ruler of the Kakatiya dynasty.
The lake was originally built for drinking water purposes and is connected to the Maneru Dam through the Kakatiya Canal.
Area & Dimensions:
The lake spans an area of approximately 32 acres and stretches 2 kilometers in length, providing an important water source to the region.
Cultural Importance:
The Bhadrakali Temple, situated on one of the islands within the lake, is a significant part of the lake's heritage. The temple is dedicated to Goddess Bhadrakali, an incarnation of Goddess Durga.
The Bhadrakali Temple has a rich history, dating back to the Chalukyan period (625 AD), and has been a key religious site for centuries.
Ecological Role:
The lake, being a water resource in an area surrounded by urban and rural settlements, plays a crucial role in maintaining the local ecosystem and providing water to the surrounding areas.
It is also a part of the region's cultural and tourist attractions, contributing to the local economy through religious and heritage tourism.
Bhadrakali Lake is not only an important historical and religious landmark but also a crucial ecological asset for the region. Balancing development with the lake's preservation is key to ensuring that it continues to serve the needs of both the local community and the natural environment.
The Pong Dam Lake Wildlife Sanctuary, located in Kangra District, Himachal Pradesh, is one of the most significant and ecologically rich sites in Northern India, particularly due to its status as a Ramsar site.
Formation & History:
The Pong Dam Lake (also called Maharana Pratap Sagar) was created as a result of the Pong Dam, a massive earth-fill dam built on the Beas River in 1975.
The Pong Dam is India’s highest earth-fill dam, contributing to the creation of a large man-made wetland.
Ramsar Site Designation: The Pong Dam Lake was designated as a Ramsar site in 2002, recognizing its importance as a wetland of international significance, especially for migratory birds.
Area:
The sanctuary spans about 245 square kilometers, including the water body of the reservoir and the surrounding wetland areas. The sanctuary is a crucial habitat for both migratory and resident species.
Flora:
The sanctuary is rich in submerged vegetation, grasslands, and forests, featuring trees like eucalyptus, acacia, and shisham.
Fauna:
Birdlife: Pong Dam Lake is located on the trans-Himalayan flyway, making it a critical stopover for migratory birds. It is home to more than 220 bird species, including 54 species of waterfowl.
Notable species include Bar-headed Geese, Pintails, Common Pochards, Coots, Grebes, Cormorants, Herons, and Storks.
Mammals: In addition to its birdlife, the sanctuary also hosts several mammal species, including Sambar, Barking Deer, Nilgai, Clawless Otter, and even Leopards.
Grazing Violation: Despite being a protected area under sanctuary norms, reports indicate that buffaloes have been grazing in the restricted areas of the sanctuary, particularly around Samkehar, Bathu, and Panalath. This is in clear violation of the sanctuary rules, which restrict grazing to preserve the natural habitats and wildlife within the sanctuary.
Impact on the Ecosystem: The grazing of domestic buffaloes in such a sensitive area can have several detrimental effects on the ecosystem:
Trampling of vegetation and disturbance to wildlife: These animals may trample on sensitive habitats and disturb breeding grounds, particularly for migratory birds and other wildlife.
Overgrazing: The introduction of large herds can lead to overgrazing, potentially degrading grasslands and other important habitats.
The Pong Dam Lake and surrounding sanctuary play a critical role in the conservation of wildlife and the overall ecology of the region. The area is of immense importance for:
Migratory Birds: The wetlands are a sanctuary for thousands of migratory birds, making it an essential site for birdwatching and ecological studies.
Biodiversity: It is home to a rich variety of flora and fauna, many of which are unique to the region.
The presence of grazing buffaloes in the sanctuary is just one of the many challenges that Pong Dam Lake Wildlife Sanctuary faces in its conservation efforts. To preserve the delicate balance of the ecosystem, it is important to:
Strengthen enforcement of sanctuary regulations.
Implement sustainable practices for local communities surrounding the sanctuary, such as alternative grazing lands and practices.
While the Pong Dam Lake Wildlife Sanctuary is a crucial ecological area with significant biodiversity, violations like illegal grazing can undermine conservation efforts. Addressing these challenges while maintaining the sanctity of the sanctuary will be key to its continued protection and success as a wildlife conservation site.
The Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra), a native species to India and Nepal, is experiencing a sharp decline in population in the Abohar Wildlife Sanctuary in Punjab, leading to concerns among wildlife officials.
Scientific Classification:
Scientific Name: Antilope cervicapra
Native Region: Predominantly found in India and Nepal.
Physical Features:
Males: Covered in dark brown or black fur, with white patches on the chest, belly, muzzle, and chin. The males have ringed horns, growing up to about 28 inches long.
Females: Much smaller than males and also have horns, though they are not ringed or spiraled.
They weigh between 70-95 pounds and reach a height of about 32 inches.
Eyes: Males have white rings around their eyes, which is one of their defining features.
Defensive Traits:
Known for their excellent eyesight and speed, blackbucks rely on these traits to evade predators. They are fast runners and are often able to outrun their enemies.
Habitat: Blackbucks predominantly inhabit open grasslands, dry scrub areas, and lightly forested zones.
In India, they are found in various regions including Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu, with smaller populations in Odisha and Haryana. They are also found in parts of Nepal.
In Punjab, the Abohar Wildlife Sanctuary is one of the primary habitats for Blackbucks. However, the sanctuary has faced significant challenges in maintaining the population of these antelopes due to various environmental and human-induced pressures.
IUCN Red List: Least Concern, indicating that the species is currently not facing immediate risk of extinction.
Wildlife Protection Act of 1972: Listed in Schedule I, offering the highest level of protection for wildlife species in India.
CITES: Listed in Appendix III, which ensures that international trade of Blackbuck products is regulated to prevent exploitation.
Declining Population:
Despite the Blackbuck's status as a protected species, the population within the Abohar Wildlife Sanctuary has been decreasing sharply. This could be attributed to several factors, including habitat degradation, human-wildlife conflict, and lack of adequate conservation measures.
Challenges:
Human-Wildlife Conflict: The presence of human settlements and agricultural activities near the sanctuary may have led to conflicts, where the antelopes are disturbed or displaced from their natural habitat.
Habitat Degradation: Overgrazing by livestock, deforestation, and other forms of habitat destruction could be limiting the availability of suitable grazing areas for the Blackbucks.
Private and Community-Owned Land:
The sanctuary itself is located within a private or community-owned land network of 13 Bishnoi villages, which complicates conservation efforts. The Bishnoi community is known for its commitment to wildlife protection, but external pressures may still negatively affect Blackbuck populations.
Increased Monitoring and Protection: There is an urgent need for monitoring the Blackbuck population and increasing patrols to reduce poaching or illegal hunting within the sanctuary.
Habitat Restoration: Efforts to restore or improve the grassland ecosystem and water resources would be key in attracting and sustaining Blackbuck populations.
Collaboration with Local Communities: Involving local communities, including the Bishnoi villagers, in conservation efforts can help mitigate human-wildlife conflicts and ensure better protection for the species.
Awareness Campaigns: Raising awareness about the importance of preserving the Blackbuck, both within the sanctuary and outside, could foster community support and engagement.
Location: Situated in the state of Punjab, India.
Area: The sanctuary spans private and community-owned lands, comprising 13 Bishnoi villages.
Flora: Includes Albizia lebbeck, Acacia nilotica, Azadirachata indica, and A. tortilis, among others.
Fauna: Apart from Blackbucks, the sanctuary is home to other species like Wild Boar, Porcupines, Jackals, and Hares.
The declining Blackbuck population in Abohar Wildlife Sanctuary is a concerning issue for wildlife conservation efforts in Punjab. With increased human activities, habitat degradation, and climate challenges, these antelopes are facing mounting pressure.
In the wake of recent floods in Texas, there have been growing concerns about the unintended consequences of cloud seeding. The technology, while potentially useful, is not without risks:
Environmental Impact: The substances used in cloud seeding, such as silver iodide, have been criticized for their potential toxicity to the environment, particularly in large concentrations. While the quantities used in cloud seeding are relatively small, their long-term impact on ecosystems is still debated.
Effectiveness and Control: There is concern over the predictability and control of cloud seeding. Weather systems are inherently chaotic, and while cloud seeding can enhance precipitation in certain conditions, there is no guarantee that it will result in rain where and when it is needed, or in the desired quantity. In some cases, it could exacerbate flooding or cause undesirable weather patterns.
Ethical and Legal Issues: Some question whether it is ethical to manipulate natural weather patterns, particularly when it can lead to shifting rainfall patterns. If precipitation is enhanced in one area, it may reduce rainfall in neighboring regions, leading to water shortages elsewhere.
Flooding: In flood-prone areas like Texas, the concern is that cloud seeding could potentially increase rainfall at a time when excessive rainfall may already be a problem, leading to worsened flooding conditions.
Cloud seeding is a weather modification technique that aims to enhance precipitation (rainfall or snow) by introducing substances into clouds that act as condensation nuclei or ice nuclei. The purpose is to promote the formation of larger water droplets or ice crystals within the cloud, thus increasing the likelihood of precipitation.
Introduction of Seeding Agents:
The primary agents used in cloud seeding include substances like silver iodide, calcium chloride, and dry ice (solid carbon dioxide). These substances are introduced into clouds using aircraft, rockets, cannons, or ground-based generators.
Mechanism:
In supercooled clouds (clouds with water droplets that remain liquid despite temperatures below freezing), silver iodide or dry ice are used. These materials create ice nuclei around which water droplets evaporate and form ice crystals. The crystals then grow, and eventually, they fall to the ground as snow or rain.
In warmer clouds (clouds where temperatures are above freezing), calcium chloride is often used to provide condensation nuclei, around which raindrops form.
Objective:
The main aim of cloud seeding is to increase precipitation, which can be beneficial in situations such as drought relief, snowpack enhancement, or even hurricane weakening in some cases.
First Experiments: The idea of cloud seeding was first tested in 1946 by American chemist and meteorologist Vincent J. Schaefer, who used dry ice to induce precipitation in clouds. Since then, the technique has been refined, and various methods have been developed for cloud seeding.
Drought Management: In regions experiencing drought, cloud seeding can potentially enhance rainfall and help provide water resources.
Snow Enhancement: In mountainous regions, cloud seeding is used to increase snowpack, which in turn provides water to rivers and reservoirs during the spring and summer.
Hail Suppression: Some regions use cloud seeding as a means to reduce the intensity of hailstorms by preventing the formation of large hailstones.
Storm Modification: Cloud seeding has been investigated as a method to weaken hurricanes or reduce the severity of storms, though this is still an area of ongoing research and debate.
While cloud seeding holds potential for enhancing precipitation and managing water resources, its unintended consequences, especially in flood-prone areas, raise concerns. The long-term environmental effects, ethical questions, and potential for exacerbating existing weather issues underscore the need for careful, well-regulated use of this technology.
Plague is a deadly infectious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, which is a zoonotic pathogen (transmitted from animals to humans). The disease has historical significance, especially due to its devastating impact during the Black Death in the Middle Ages, where millions of people in Europe perished.
There are three main types of plague, each affecting different parts of the body:
Bubonic Plague:
Infection Site: Primarily affects the lymph nodes.
Transmission: It is usually spread through fleas that have bitten infected animals, typically rodents.
Symptoms: The infected lymph nodes become swollen (buboes), and flu-like symptoms such as fever, chills, and headache are common.
Fatality Rate: 30% to 60% if not treated.
Treatment: Antibiotics can cure bubonic plague if administered promptly.
Septicemic Plague:
Infection Site: Affects the bloodstream.
Transmission: Often results from untreated bubonic plague or pneumonic plague.
Symptoms: Symptoms include high fever, chills, abdominal pain, and shock. If not treated, it can rapidly lead to organ failure and death.
Fatality Rate: Without treatment, septicemic plague can be fatal very quickly.
Treatment: It is treatable with antibiotics if caught early.
Pneumonic Plague:
Infection Site: Affects the lungs and can be spread from person to person through airborne droplets (making it more dangerous).
Transmission: Pneumonic plague can occur if the bacterium spreads from bubonic or septicemic plague to the lungs. It can also be transmitted via respiratory droplets from an infected person or animal.
Symptoms: The primary symptoms include fever, chills, cough, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. It can cause rapid respiratory failure.
Fatality Rate: Pneumonic plague is always fatal if left untreated, but it can be cured with antibiotics if administered early.
Incidence: It is a rare form of plague today but remains a significant threat if not detected and treated promptly.
A recent case in North Arizona, United States, has brought attention back to this disease, with the first death in the region from pneumonic plague in 18 years. This highlights that, while rare, plague still poses a risk in rural areas, especially in the western U.S., parts of Africa, and Asia, where the bacterium is still present in wildlife populations, such as rodents.
Human-to-Human Transmission: Pneumonic plague is especially dangerous because it can be transmitted through respiratory droplets from an infected person, making it highly contagious in close-contact situations. This is what makes pneumonic plague particularly alarming when cases arise.
Geographic Spread: While plague was once a global pandemic, it is now confined to specific regions, particularly in the western U.S., Africa, and Asia, where wildlife reservoirs (often rodents) remain.
Prevention and Treatment: While the disease remains a rare occurrence today, its fatality rate remains high if not treated with antibiotics. Early detection and treatment are essential to reduce its mortality rate.
While plague is rare today, it remains a serious public health concern in certain regions, especially with the potential for pneumonic plague to spread quickly. It is crucial for public health systems to remain vigilant, especially in areas where wildlife reservoirs exist. Early diagnosis and the use of antibiotics are key to treating and preventing fatal outcomes.
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We provide offline, online and recorded lectures in the same amount.
Every aspirant is unique and the mentoring is customised according to the strengths and weaknesses of the aspirant.
In every Lecture. Director Sir will provide conceptual understanding with around 800 Mindmaps.
We provide you the best and Comprehensive content which comes directly or indirectly in UPSC Exam.
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