Transposons, often referred to as "jumping genes," are DNA sequences capable of moving from one location to another within the genome. Historically termed "junk" DNA due to their seemingly non-functional nature, and "selfish" DNA because they primarily propagate themselves, transposons are now recognized for their significant roles in genetic variation, evolution, and gene regulation.
Characteristics of Transposons:
Positive Roles Played by Transposons:
Applications in Research and Technology:
Example of Transposon Use:
Conclusion: Transposons, once considered mere genetic curiosities, are now understood as crucial elements in genome dynamics. Their ability to move and integrate into different genomic locations offers valuable tools for genetic research, evolution studies, and practical applications in biotechnology.
Why in the News?
Recently, the Jammu division of the Union Territory of Jammu & Kashmir has seen a concerning increase in terrorist incidents. While the Kashmir Valley has historically experienced high levels of militant activity, the recent uptick in Jammu—an area previously less affected—has raised significant alarm.
Current Situation:
Reasons for Recent Rise in Terrorism in Jammu:
Reasons for Persistence of Terrorism in J&K:
History of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K)
Ancient and Medieval Period
Early History:
Hindu and Muslim Rule:
Pre-Independence Era
Post-Mughal Period:
Dogra Dynasty and British Involvement:
Post-Independence Era
The 1947 Context:
Strategic Importance:
Instrument of Accession and Referendum
Background and Context
August 15, 1947:
Stand-Still Agreement:
Deterioration of Relations and Crisis
Suspension of Rail Services:
Invasion and Military Response:
Accession to India
Negotiations and Decision:
Instrument of Accession:
Referendum Proposal
Nehru's Idealistic Decision:
Post-Accession Developments
Military Actions:
Long-Term Impact:
Kashmir’s UN Connection
UN Involvement:
Constituent Assembly of Jammu & Kashmir:
Shimla Agreement, 1972:
Militancy in Jammu and Kashmir
Emergence of Insurgency:
Mujahideen Insurgency:
Human Rights Concerns:
Low Intensity War and Its Adoption by ISI
Definition of Low Intensity War: Low intensity war (LIW) is a strategy employed when direct military confrontation is deemed impractical or unlikely to achieve the desired outcome. It encompasses various forms of conflict, including:
Why ISI Adopted Low Intensity Warfare: The Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) of Pakistan adopted low intensity warfare as a strategy for several reasons:
Modus Operandi of Proxy War in Jammu and Kashmir:
Key Events and Responses
Civil Unrest in Kashmir, July 2016:
Operation All-Out:
Pulwama and Balakot Attacks:
Government of India’s Development-Oriented Programmes in Kashmir
Present Situation of Jammu and Kashmir:
Way Forward:
By addressing these multifaceted issues through a combination of political, security, and developmental strategies, India aims to mitigate terrorism and promote stability in Jammu and Kashmir.
Supreme Court Ruling
In a landmark decision, the Supreme Court of India, in an 8:1 judgment delivered by a nine-judge Constitution Bench, held that State Legislatures have the authority to tax mining lands and quarries beyond what is prescribed by the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 (MMDR Act). This ruling empowers states to generate additional revenues from mining activities and the land used for these activities.
Key Points from the Judgment
Background and Legal Precedents
Implications of the Judgment
This judgment marks a significant shift in the legal landscape governing mineral resources in India, empowering states to better capitalize on their mineral wealth and enhance their financial resources.
Key Highlights of the Recent Supreme Court Judgment on Taxation of Mineral Lands
1. Royalty vs. Tax
2. States’ Power to Tax Mineral Development Activities
Dissenting Opinion
Significance and Implications of the Supreme Court Judgment on Mineral Taxation
Significance
Implications
Conclusion
The Supreme Court’s judgment represents a pivotal moment in the governance of mineral resources in India. While it strengthens the fiscal autonomy of states and clarifies the nature of royalties versus taxes, it also raises several challenges and potential risks. Stakeholders, including policymakers, industry players, and state governments, will need to navigate these implications carefully to balance state revenues, sectoral growth, and broader economic impacts.
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We provide offline, online and recorded lectures in the same amount.
Every aspirant is unique and the mentoring is customised according to the strengths and weaknesses of the aspirant.
In every Lecture. Director Sir will provide conceptual understanding with around 800 Mindmaps.
We provide you the best and Comprehensive content which comes directly or indirectly in UPSC Exam.