The Montreal Protocol is widely recognized as one of the most successful environmental agreements.

Effectiveness of the Montreal Protocol

1. Reduction of Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODS):
   • The Montreal Protocol has significantly reduced emissions of ODS, including Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs).
   • Since 2021, five years earlier than anticipated, there has been a notable decrease in the globally averaged chlorine content of ODS in the troposphere.
2. Impact of HCFCs:
   • HCFCs, which are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, chlorine, and fluorine, were commonly used as refrigerants and in foam production.
   • HCFC-22, the most prevalent HCFC, has seen a substantial decline. HCFC-22's Global Warming Potential (GWP) is thousands of times higher than that of carbon dioxide (CO2), making it a significant greenhouse gas.
3. HCFC-141b:
   • There has been a minor decline in HCFC-141b, the second most common HCFC. HCFC-141b was used as a blowing agent in rigid polyurethane foam production.
   • India has successfully phased out HCFC-141b under the ODS (Regulation and Control) Amendment Rules, 2014, aligning with its commitments under the Montreal Protocol.

Key Components of the Montreal Protocol

• History and Implementation:
  • Signed in 1987, the Montreal Protocol is a global treaty designed to phase out the production and use of ODS.
  • It is implemented under the Vienna Convention, which was adopted in 1985.
• Kigali Amendment:
  • Adopted in 2016 and in force since 2019, the Kigali Amendment focuses on phasing down Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).
  • HFCs, while not ODS, have a GWP that is thousands of times greater than CO2 and thus contribute significantly to global warming.

Ozone and Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODS)

• Ozone Layers:
  • Stratospheric Ozone (Good Ozone): Located 10-40 km above the Earth's surface, it absorbs and protects Earth from harmful UV radiation.
  • Tropospheric Ozone (Bad Ozone): Formed closer to the Earth's surface, it is a harmful pollutant that can cause respiratory issues and other health problems.
• ODS Characteristics:
  • Human-made chemicals containing chlorine and bromine, such as CFCs and HCFCs, reach the stratosphere where they break down ozone molecules through catalytic reactions.

The Montreal Protocol's achievements in reducing ODS and the Kigali Amendment's efforts to address HFCs mark significant progress in global environmental protection, contributing to both ozone layer recovery and climate change mitigation.

The World Wealth Report 2024 by the Capgemini Research Institute provides a comprehensive overview of global wealth, focusing on high-net-worth individuals (HNWIs) across 71 countries, which collectively represent over 98% of global gross national income and 99% of world stock market capitalization.

Key Points from the Report:

1. Coverage and Scope:
   • The report encompasses 71 countries, covering a significant portion of the global economy and stock market activity.
   • This broad scope provides a detailed picture of global wealth distribution and trends.
2. High-Net-Worth Individuals (HNWIs):
   • Definition: HNWIs are individuals with investable assets of USD 1 million or more, excluding primary residence, collectibles, consumables, and consumer durables.
   • Wealth Bands:
     • Ultra-HNWIs: Individuals with USD 30 million or more.
     • Mid-Tier Millionaires: Individuals with wealth ranging from USD 5 million to USD 30 million.
     • Millionaires Next Door: Individuals with wealth between USD 1 million and USD 5 million.

Insights:

• Trends and Changes: The report likely highlights trends in wealth accumulation, shifts in the distribution of wealth among the different categories of HNWIs, and regional variations.
• Economic Impacts: It may discuss how global economic conditions, investment behaviors, and policy changes are influencing the wealth of HNWIs.
• Future Outlook:Predictions about the future state of global wealth, potential growth areas, and emerging markets could be covered.

Highlights from the report

1.Global Growth:

1. • Wealth: Increased by 4.7%, reaching $86.8 trillion.
   • Population: Expanded by 5.1%, reaching 22.8 million HNWIs.
2. Regional Performances:
   • North America: Showed the strongest recovery with 7.2% growth in wealth and 7.1% in population, driven by economic resilience, cooling inflation, and a strong US equity market rally.
   • Asia-Pacific (APAC): Wealth grew by 4.2% and population by 4.8%. Notable performers included India and Australia, with India’s HNWI population growing by 12.2% and wealth by 12.4%.
   • Europe: Wealth grew by 3.9% and population by 4.0%.
   • Latin America: Limited growth with wealth increasing by 2.3% and population by 2.7%.
   • Middle East: Wealth up by 2.9% and population by 2.1%.
   • Africa: Experienced a decline in both wealth (-1.0%) and population (-0.1%) due to falling commodity prices and reduced foreign investment.
3. India's Performance:
   • HNWI Population: Increased by 12.2%, totaling 3.589 million.
   • Financial Wealth: Rose by 12.4% to $1,445.7 billion.
   • Market Capitalisation: Grew by 29.0%, following a 6% increase in 2022.
   • National Savings: Increased to 33.4% of GDP from 29.9% in 2022.
   • Unemployment Rate: Decreased to 3.1% from 3.6% in 2022.

Overall, the report highlights a positive rebound in global HNWI wealth and population, with varying regional performances, and significant growth in India’s HNWI sector.

The news about the 50th anniversary of the imposition of the internal Emergency on June 25, 1975, highlights a significant and controversial period in India's history. Here’s a detailed breakdown to understand the context better:

Background on the Emergency

1. What was the Emergency?

• The Emergency was a period during which democratic rights were suspended, and the central government assumed greater powers over the states. It was declared by then-Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, ostensibly due to a "threat to the security of India."

2. Provisions and Rationale

• Constitutional Basis: The provisions for emergency are detailed in Articles 352 to 360 of the Indian Constitution. They were inspired by similar provisions in the Weimar Constitution of Germany.
• Purpose: The rationale is to maintain the sovereignty, unity, integrity, and security of the country, ensure the stability of the democratic political system, and uphold the Constitution.

Types of Emergencies

1. National Emergency

• Grounds: Can be declared if there is a threat from war, external aggression, or armed rebellion.
• Past Instances:
  • 1962: Due to the war with China.
  • 1971: Due to the war with Pakistan.
  • 1975: Declared for internal disturbance (later changed to "armed rebellion" by the 44th Amendment Act of 1978).

2. President’s Rule (State or Constitutional Emergency)

• Grounds: Imposed when there is a failure of constitutional machinery in a state, often due to political instability or administrative dysfunction.

3. Financial Emergency

• Grounds: Declared if there is a threat to the financial stability or credit of India or any part of its territory.

Significance of the 50th Anniversary

The 50th anniversary of the Emergency is a moment for reflection on its impact on Indian democracy. It serves as a reminder of the potential for abuse of power and the importance of safeguarding democratic norms and freedoms. The Emergency period saw the suspension of many fundamental rights, including freedom of speech and the press, and led to widespread political repression and human rights abuses.

Current Context

Reflecting on this anniversary might involve discussions on how far India has come in terms of democratic practices and how the Emergency period has shaped contemporary political and legal frameworks. It could also prompt debates on the balance between national security and individual freedoms.

The procedure for proclaiming and managing an emergency in India is carefully outlined in the Constitution, with specific requirements for approval, extension, and revocation.

Proclamation of Emergency

1. Approval Procedure:

• Initial Proclamation:
  • When an emergency is proclaimed, it must be approved by both Houses of Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) within one month of its issue.
• Duration and Extension:
  • If approved by both Houses, the emergency continues for six months. It can be extended beyond this period with Parliamentary approval every six months.
  • The 44th Amendment Act of 1978 modified the procedure to require Parliamentary approval for every six-month extension.
• Dissolution of Lok Sabha:
  • If the Lok Sabha is dissolved during the emergency period, the emergency proclamation remains in effect until 30 days from the first sitting of the reconstituted Lok Sabha, provided that the Rajya Sabha has approved its continuation in the meantime.
• Special Majority:
  • Each resolution to approve or extend the emergency must be passed by a special majority in either House of Parliament. A special majority means a majority of the members present and voting, and a majority of the total membership of the House.

2. Revocation of Emergency:

• By the President:
  • The President can revoke the emergency at any time by issuing a subsequent proclamation. This revocation does not require Parliamentary approval.
• Disapproval Resolution:
  • If Parliament is in session and a resolution is introduced to disapprove the continuation of the National Emergency, it must be passed by the Lok Sabha with a simple majority (a majority of those present and voting).

Reasons for Imposing Internal Emergency (1975-77)

1. Economic Context:
   • Inflation: The economy was struggling with high inflation rates, reaching 23% in 1973 and 30% in 1974. This inflation resulted in significant economic hardship and social discontent among the populace.
2. Gujarat and Bihar Movements:
   • Student Protests: Protests by students in Gujarat and Bihar had a profound effect on both state and national politics. These movements indicated widespread dissatisfaction with the government and political instability.
3. Conflict with Judiciary:
   • Judicial Appointments: There were notable disagreements between the government and the judiciary, particularly regarding the appointment of Justice A. N. Ray as the Chief Justice of India, which led to tensions between the executive and judicial branches of government.

Implications and Criticisms of Imposing Internal Emergency (1975-77)

1. Political Impact:
   • Suspension of Civil Liberties: Fundamental Rights were curtailed, allowing the government to suppress freedoms. Newspapers faced pre-censorship, the Press Council was abolished, and numerous journalists and activists were imprisoned.
   • Centralization of Power: The emergency period led to a significant concentration of power in the hands of the Union Government, effectively undermining the federal structure and the autonomy of states. The 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act (1976) extended the Lok Sabha's term from five to six years, consolidating power further.
   • Crackdown on Dissent: Opposition leaders were arrested without trial under laws like the Maintenance of Internal Security Act, 1971 (MISA), stifling political opposition and dissent.
2. Social Impact:
   • Misuse of Power: There were reports of widespread torture, custodial deaths, and forced slum clearance drives that displaced thousands without proper resettlement plans.
   • Impact on Organizations: Organizations like the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and Jamaat-e-Islami were banned due to fears of social and communal unrest.
   • Forced Sterilizations: The government's push for population control led to forced sterilizations, which were criticized for violating personal autonomy and reproductive rights.
3. Institutional Impact:
   • Judicial Independence: The independence of the judiciary was compromised as judges who were critical of the government were transferred or sidelined. The 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976, aimed at limiting the scope of judicial review, further undermining judicial independence.
   • Erosion of Trust: The arbitrary use of power during the Emergency led to a significant erosion of public trust in governmental institutions.

Changes Brought After Internal Emergency Through 44th Amendment Act, 1978

1. Written Approval:
   • Emergency Proclamation: The 44th Amendment Act mandated that the President can proclaim an emergency only based on written advice from the Cabinet, ensuring a more accountable process.
2. Fundamental Rights:
   • Restricted Scope of Article 359: The scope of Article 359 was limited, ensuring that fundamental rights such as the right to life (Article 21) remain enforceable during emergencies. The right to property was moved from a fundamental right to a constitutional right under Article 300A.
3. Term of Lok Sabha:
   • Restored Term: The term of the Lok Sabha was reduced back to five years from the extended six-year term imposed by the 42nd Amendment.
4. Removal of Article 275A:
   • Deployment of Armed Forces: Article 275A, which allowed the central government to deploy armed forces in states to deal with grave situations, was removed to limit the central government’s control over state law and order issues.
5. Judicial Review:
   • Election Disputes: The 44th Amendment Act provided that all disputes related to the election of the President or Vice-President be decided by the Supreme Court, reinforcing judicial review and accountability in presidential elections.