The United Nations General Assembly's declaration of 2026 as the International Year of the Woman Farmer marks an important milestone in recognizing the pivotal role women play in global agriculture. This initiative aims to raise awareness of the challenges women face, especially in areas like property rights and market access, while promoting gender equality and empowering women in agricultural sectors worldwide.
Women have always been integral to agricultural systems, particularly in developing economies. Their contributions span across food production, rural economies, and sustainable farming practices. Here are some key facts about women's role in agriculture:
58% of the female labor force in Asia and the Pacific is engaged in agriculture.
In developing countries, women are responsible for 60%-80% of food production.
Despite their central role, only 10%-20% of women own or hold tenure rights to the land they work on.
In India, 80% of rural women are involved in agriculture, which includes activities like crop cultivation and livestock management.
Women’s involvement in agriculture has far-reaching positive effects on both families and communities:
Higher Agricultural Output: When women farmers have access to equal resources like land, technology, and credit, they can enhance food production, which helps to meet local and global food demand.
Diversification of Crops: Women often grow a wider variety of crops, thus improving dietary diversity and reducing the risks of relying on a single food source.
Better Resource Management: Women tend to invest in sustainable farming practices, enhancing soil health and water conservation, which support long-term food security.
Improved Household Nutrition: When women control income and food distribution, households benefit from balanced, nutrient-rich meals, leading to better health outcomes.
Economic Stability: Women's participation in agricultural trade and cooperatives strengthens local economies, ensuring food affordability and accessibility.
Market Expansion: Women entrepreneurs stimulate local markets and expand economic activities by introducing new products and services.
Community Resilience: Gender-inclusive policies strengthen social structures, promoting sustainable economic development and creating more resilient communities.
Despite their contributions, women face significant barriers that hinder their full potential in agriculture:
Limited Access to Land Ownership:
Legal and cultural barriers often prevent women from owning or inheriting land, which limits their ability to invest in farming.
In India, only 14% of agricultural landowners are women, restricting their access to credit, government schemes, and other agricultural resources.
Lack of Financial Inclusion:
Women farmers face difficulties in accessing loans and financial support, which makes it hard for them to adopt modern farming techniques.
Restricted Market Access:
Discrimination, coupled with poor infrastructure, limits women’s access to fair markets and the ability to participate in larger supply chains.
Limited Access to Technology:
Many women lack access to mobile-based agricultural advisory services, reducing their ability to make informed decisions regarding farming.
Limited Education & Training:
Women are often excluded from modern agricultural training, digital literacy programs, and climate-smart farming practices.
Gender Bias in Agricultural Policies:
Government policies and subsidies often favor male farmers, leaving women with fewer resources and opportunities.
Heavy Workload & Unpaid Labor:
Women typically manage both agricultural work and household responsibilities, leading to overburdened schedules and less time for income-generating activities.
Social & Cultural Barriers:
Traditional norms often prevent women from participating in leadership roles, cooperatives, or decision-making within rural communities.
To address these challenges, several strategies can be implemented:
Secure Land Rights:
Ensure that women have legal ownership and control over land, as this is critical for accessing credit, inputs, and government schemes.
Laws such as the Hindu Succession Amendment Act (2005) and the Forest Rights Act (2006) are crucial in ensuring women’s land rights in India.
Access to Credit & Financial Services:
Establish microfinance systems and cooperative banks that cater to the unique needs of women farmers, enabling them to invest in tools, seeds, and other essentials.
Capacity Building & Training:
Provide training programs in sustainable farming and climate-resilient practices, with content tailored to local needs and time constraints.
Technology & Digital Tools:
Offer mobile-based platforms for market access, weather updates, and farming advice to bridge the information gap.
Inclusive Agricultural Policies:
Integrate gender concerns into agricultural policies, ensuring that women are included in decision-making at all levels, from village councils to national boards.
Supportive Infrastructure:
Improve irrigation, storage facilities, transport, and access to local markets, which disproportionately affect women, particularly in remote areas.
Farmer Cooperatives & Networks:
Encourage women-led cooperatives to amplify their voices, share resources, and negotiate better market prices.
Childcare & Social Support Services:
Create systems that recognize women’s dual roles by providing childcare and social support services, freeing up their time for more productive work.
Several countries have adopted strategies to empower women farmers:
Kenya: The Women’s Enterprise Fund offers microloans and training to support women in agricultural businesses.
Bangladesh: Government policies promote gender-responsive agricultural extension services, ensuring that women have access to necessary training and resources.
Brazil: Land reform policies have improved women’s access to land ownership, enabling greater participation in agriculture.
Vietnam: Digital platforms provide women with access to market information and climate-smart techniques.
India has launched several initiatives to support women in agriculture:
Mahila Kisan Sashaktikaran Pariyojana (MKSP): Enhances women’s skills and access to resources in farming.
Krishi Sakhi: Provides community agriculture services to rural women.
Self-Help Groups (SHGs) and Microfinance Schemes: Provide financial assistance to women farmers.
PM Kisan Samman Nidhi: A direct income support scheme that also benefits women farmers.
Kisan Fasal Bima Yojana: Provides crop insurance to ensure financial security for women farmers.
Jan Dhan Yojana: Financial inclusion program that improves access to bank accounts and credit facilities for women.
Empowering women in agriculture is essential for global food security. As the International Year of the Woman Farmer (2026) approaches, it is a chance to unlock the untapped potential of women farmers by addressing the barriers they face. Governments, NGOs, and communities must collaborate to create supportive policies, infrastructure, and training opportunities to ensure that women can contribute to building more sustainable, resilient, and productive agricultural systems worldwide. The empowerment of women farmers is not just about achieving gender equality it is a necessary step toward ensuring the future of global agriculture.
Recent studies indicate that the glaciers of Mount Cilo in southeastern Turkey have lost almost 50% of their ice cover over the past 40 years.
Location: Mount Cilo is located southeast of Lake Van and marks the southeastern end of the Taurus Mountain Range in the Anatolia region of Turkey. It is positioned close to the Iraqi border, within the Hakkari Province.
Height: The peak rises to an elevation of 4,135 meters, making it the second highest mountain in Turkey in terms of glacial mass, after Mount Ararat (5,137 meters).
Geological Context: Mount Cilo is part of the Alpine-Himalayan Fold System, which formed as a result of the tectonic movements of the Arabian, Anatolian, and Eurasian plates. This region has been shaped by tectonic forces, leading to the rugged topography, deep gorges, limestone cliffs, and glacial valleys that characterize the mountain today.
Mount Cilo features five major high peaks, including:
Uludoruk Peak
Suppa Durek Peak
Kosedireği Mountain
Kisara Mountain
Maunseli Sivrisi
These peaks contribute to the rugged terrain of the mountain, which has been heavily influenced by erosion and tectonic movement over millions of years.
The glaciers on Mount Cilo are among the most significant in Turkey. However, they are facing severe challenges due to rising temperatures and climate change.
Ice Loss: Over the last four decades, these glaciers have experienced a 50% reduction in ice cover, which is consistent with global patterns of glacial retreat due to rising temperatures.
Heatwaves and Droughts: Turkey has been experiencing extreme weather events, including heatwaves and droughts. Recently, the country registered a record temperature of 50.5°C, which has further exacerbated the melting of glaciers and the loss of ice mass.
Regional Climate: The effects of climate change are visible not only in the glaciers but also in the broader weather patterns in the region, which has been undergoing more frequent and intense heat spells, making the mountain ecosystems increasingly vulnerable.
India has made significant strides in integrating mental health treatment into its health insurance policies, following the Mental Healthcare Act, 2017 and the IRDAI directive, which now mandates equal treatment of mental health conditions alongside physical illnesses.
Mental health conditions are widespread and diverse, affecting people’s emotional, psychological, and social well-being. According to the World Health Organization (WHO):
Global Prevalence: Mental health issues affect 1 in 5 adults globally. The WHO estimates that untreated mental health conditions cause an annual productivity loss of over $1 trillion worldwide.
Common Disorders: These include Anxiety Disorders (301 million people affected globally), Depression (280 million), Schizophrenia, and Bipolar Disorder, each having profound impacts on individuals' lives and productivity.
Prevalence: According to the National Mental Health Survey (NMHS) 2015-16, 10.6% of Indian adults suffer from mental disorders, with the lifetime prevalence reaching 13.7%.
Treatment Gap: A staggering 70% to 92% of those affected do not receive proper treatment. This is due to factors such as stigma, lack of awareness, and a severe shortage of mental health professionals.
Economic Loss: The economic cost of untreated mental health conditions in India is projected to be USD 1.03 trillion between 2012 and 2030, highlighting the importance of addressing this crisis not just for health, but for the economy as well.
Shortage of Professionals: India has only 0.75 psychiatrists per 100,000 people, far below the WHO-recommended 3 per 100,000.
Stigma and Lack of Awareness: Many people in India hesitate to seek help due to societal stigma surrounding mental health, making early intervention difficult.
Limited Insurance Coverage: Despite the Mental Healthcare Act, 2017, which mandates equal coverage for mental and physical health conditions, many insurance policies still place restrictions on mental health treatment.
Urban-Rural Divide: Mental health services are concentrated in urban areas, leaving rural populations without adequate access to care.
Mental Healthcare Act, 2017: This landmark law mandates that mental health be treated on par with physical health, and that insurance providers must cover mental health treatments.
National Mental Health Programme (NMHP): Launched in 1982, it aims to provide accessible mental healthcare, particularly to vulnerable populations.
District Mental Health Program (DMHP): Introduced in 1996, it focuses on early detection, treatment, and awareness campaigns.
Tele MANAS: A digital mental health service launched to bridge accessibility gaps, providing teleconsultations and mental health support.
National Suicide Prevention Strategy: A policy framework to reduce suicide rates through awareness campaigns and support systems.
Workplace Mental Health: Increasingly, organizations are incorporating mental health benefits into their insurance plans, promoting a broader cultural shift toward mental well-being.
WHO’s Comprehensive Mental Health Action Plan (2013–2030): This global framework focuses on strengthening governance, community-based care, and implementing prevention strategies.
World Mental Health Report: Advocates for transforming mental health services by prioritizing prevention, expanding community care, and reducing stigma.
UN’s Focus on Mental Health: The United Nations emphasizes mental health as a global priority, especially post-COVID-19, with a reported 25% increase in anxiety and depression disorders globally.
Inclusive Health Insurance:
It’s essential that mental health be integrated into mainstream health insurance, making it accessible and affordable. Transparent policies and comprehensive coverage can encourage more people to seek help without financial burdens.
Strengthening Mental Health Infrastructure:
The shortage of trained professionals and mental health facilities must be addressed. Increasing the number of professionals and building new mental health facilities will improve accessibility.
Public Awareness Campaigns:
Educating the public is crucial to reduce stigma and encourage early intervention. Awareness drives will help people understand the importance of mental well-being and seek help when needed.
Technology Integration:
Expanding the reach of digital mental health services, such as Tele MANAS, can significantly help people in remote areas. Additionally, mobile-based platforms for market access, weather updates, and agricultural advice can play a role in enhancing mental health support.
Employer Initiatives:
Encouraging corporates to integrate mental health into employee insurance packages can create a supportive workplace environment.
Comprehensive Insurance Coverage:
Ensuring mental health benefits in all health insurance plans, including those for therapy and psychiatric consultations, can help make mental healthcare affordable for all.
Bridging the gap between physical health and mental health coverage in India is a vital step towards a healthier, more inclusive society. Through collaborative efforts from policymakers, insurance providers, and mental health advocates, we can ensure that mental health is treated with the same urgency as physical health, benefiting individuals and society at large.
The Barbados threadsnake, the world's smallest known snake, has been rediscovered after being thought to have vanished for decades. This tiny reptile, measuring only about 10.4 cm (4.1 inches) in length, has captivated scientists with its peculiar characteristics and its significance to biodiversity.
Family: Leptotyphlopidae
Habitat: Found exclusively in the tropical dry forests of eastern Barbados.
Diet: Primarily feeds on termite and ant larvae, and is often found in close proximity to termite and ant nests.
Reproduction: The species is oviparous, meaning it lays one slender egg to reproduce.
Size: The adult length of the Barbados threadsnake is a mere 10.4 cm (around 4.1 inches), and it weighs only 0.6 g (0.02 ounces), making it the smallest known snake in the world.
Behavior:
It is a solitary and fossorial creature, which means it spends most of its time burrowing in the ground.
The snake is nocturnal, coming out during the night, and it hides under rocks during the day.
Diet and Pheromones:
The Barbados threadsnake feeds primarily on termite and ant larvae.
It produces pheromones that act as a defense mechanism against termites, protecting it from being attacked by its prey.
Conservation Status:
The Barbados threadsnake is currently listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List.
The primary threat to its survival is habitat loss, particularly due to deforestation and human encroachment in its native habitat in Barbados.
Geographic Range: The snake is found only on the Caribbean island of Barbados, specifically in its tropical dry forests.
Habitat Loss: As with many species in the Caribbean, habitat destruction due to urbanization, agricultural activities, and tourism have posed significant threats to the snake's population.
A new blood group, named CRIB, has been discovered in a woman from Kolar district, Karnataka, India, making it the first of its kind in the world.
Name: The newly discovered blood group is named CRIB. The CR stands for Cromer, referring to the Cromer blood group system, while IB stands for India, Bangalore, acknowledging its origin.
Discovery: This blood group was identified through extensive molecular testing and research conducted over 10 months. The discovery was made by a team of international experts and was presented at the 35th Regional Congress of the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT) in Milan, Italy.
Cromer Blood Group System: The CRIB blood group is part of the Cromer blood group system, which includes 12 high-prevalence and 3 low-prevalence antigens on a protein known as the decay-accelerating factor (DAF). These antigens play a crucial role in blood compatibility testing and transfusion safety.
Global Impact on Blood Transfusions: The discovery of CRIB blood group is crucial for the field of blood transfusion medicine. It enhances transfusion safety and improves compatibility testing. This ensures that donor matching becomes more precise, which is vital during medical emergencies, complex surgeries, and organ transplants.
Understanding Rare Blood Types: The identification of rare blood types like CRIB is important, as it helps in addressing transfusion challenges. A rare blood type is defined as a blood group that is found in only 0.1% of the population. This means that patients with rare blood types may have difficulty finding compatible blood donors, especially in emergencies. The CRIB blood group’s discovery makes it easier to find the right match for patients with this rare antigen, improving their chances of receiving life-saving transfusions.
Improved Medical Matching: This discovery could lead to a better understanding of genetic variations within blood types and allow for more efficient blood donation processes, reducing the risks of hemolytic reactions (where the immune system attacks the transfused blood).
Definition: A rare blood type is characterized by being present in less than 0.1% of the population. People with rare blood types often face challenges in receiving compatible blood during medical procedures like transfusions, surgery, or organ transplantation.
Challenges in Transfusion: If a patient with a rare blood type develops antibodies against certain antigens, they can only receive blood from another donor with the same rare blood type. This can create serious difficulties in emergency transfusions when time is critical, or during organ transplants where blood compatibility is crucial.
The ISBT plays a key role in establishing blood group nomenclature and ensuring standardized blood transfusion practices worldwide. The identification of new blood groups, such as CRIB, is officially recognized and classified by the ISBT, improving global transfusion safety and patient outcomes.
The Dorjilung Hydropower Project is indeed a significant development in Bhutan's energy sector, marking a shift towards more private-sector involvement and cross-border renewable energy diplomacy between India and Bhutan.
Project Overview:
The Dorjilung Hydropower Project is a 1125 MW run-of-river scheme being developed in the Kurichhu River basin, located in Bhutan’s Lhuentse and Mongar districts. The project will utilize the river's flow to generate clean hydroelectric power for both Bhutan and India.
The dam will stand at 139.5 meters and will direct nearly 287 m³/s of water through a 15-kilometer headrace tunnel to an underground powerhouse housing six Francis turbines. The project is expected to generate approximately 4.5 TWh annually.
Public-Private Partnership (PPP):
In November 2024, a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed between Druk Green Power Corporation (DGPC) and Tata Power for the joint development of the project under a PPP model. Under this partnership, DGPC will hold a 60% stake, while Tata Power will own 40%.
This partnership reflects India’s growing role in private sector-led cross-border energy cooperation in South Asia, showcasing a shift from purely state-to-state collaboration to more business-to-business (B2B) arrangements.
Financial Details:
The total estimated cost of the Dorjilung project is approximately $1.7 billion.
The project is being financed by the World Bank, adding an international layer to the financing and signaling Bhutan’s commitment to leveraging global financial support for its energy projects.
Timeline and Expectations:
The project is expected to be commissioned by early 2032, with the first phase of infrastructure development already underway, including the construction of access roads, bridges, and other foundational elements.
Significance of Tata Power’s Involvement:
Tata Power’s participation in this project represents a key milestone in India-Bhutan energy diplomacy, particularly in the context of clean energy.
It also signifies the increasing role of the private sector in cross-border energy projects in South Asia. Tata Power’s extensive experience in renewable energy and hydropower development adds both technical expertise and financial strength to the project.
Strategic and Diplomatic Impact:
Bhutan's approach to this project, especially through the PPP model, signals a strategic move to diversify its sources of investment and reduce over-dependence on state-level assistance from neighboring countries like India.
The project also reinforces regional cooperation by ensuring that India’s energy needs are met with sustainable energy while providing Bhutan with the financial and technical support it needs for economic growth and energy security.
Energy for Both Nations:
While the primary aim of the Dorjilung project is to harness Bhutan's hydropower potential, it will also contribute to India's energy security, especially by supporting the growing demand for clean energy.
The recent UK-EU agreement presents a Eurocentric framework that primarily benefits European integration but also holds substantial implications for India in terms of both opportunities and challenges.
India's Push: India is focused on reducing non-tariff barriers (NTBs), which often act as hidden trade barriers, such as complex regulations or certification standards. By addressing these, India aims to create a more balanced regulatory framework that enhances market access for Indian exports and improves overall competitiveness in the European market.
The European Union remains India’s second-largest trading partner, with bilateral trade exceeding $120 billion annually.
India’s exports to the EU reached $86 billion in FY2024, covering a wide range of sectors, from pharmaceuticals and textiles to automobiles and chemicals.
India seeks to expand economic ties further, including investment flows in areas like technology, infrastructure, and renewable energy.
EU support for India’s anti-terror stance: The European Union has shown solidarity with India on its zero-tolerance policy toward terrorism. This includes cooperation on counter-terrorism measures, information sharing, and enhancing defense ties.
India and the EU are deepening their strategic partnership with a focus on the Indo-Pacific, climate action, and technology development.
The Indo-Pacific remains a key area for cooperation, as both India and the EU align their interests in securing peace and stability in the region amidst growing geopolitical tensions, particularly in maritime security.
India and the UK recently concluded a Free Trade Agreement (FTA), which significantly benefits 99% of Indian exports by reducing tariffs and facilitating smoother trade.
India’s exports to the UK were $12 billion in FY2024, and the FTA aims to make it easier for British firms to export whisky, cars, and other goods to India.
Additionally, the Double Contribution Convention was finalized, further strengthening financial cooperation between the two nations, which will benefit sectors like banking, investments, and insurance.
The two nations have held discussions on regional security issues, including the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict, security in the Indo-Pacific, and West Asia.
A significant expansion of cooperation is happening in counter-terrorism, defense technology, and maritime security. This includes strengthening India’s naval capabilities, particularly in light of tensions in the Indo-Pacific region.
Green energy collaboration is one of the standout aspects of the India-UK relationship. Both nations are jointly working on renewable energy projects, including investments in solar, wind, and hydropower. This cooperation aligns with India’s commitment to sustainable energy and climate action.
The UK has been a significant partner in helping India transition to clean energy through investment, technology transfer, and policy collaboration.
Educational exchanges remain a cornerstone of the India-UK relationship. The UK is a top destination for Indian students, and both nations are expanding collaborations in higher education and research.
Cultural diplomacy is another important aspect. Through people-to-people exchanges, both India and the UK continue to strengthen their historical ties, promoting mutual understanding and collaboration on a range of issues, from arts and culture to technology and innovation.
Enhanced Market Access:
Indian exporters, especially in pharmaceuticals, seafood, and agro-based products, stand to benefit from simplified compliance and reduced trade friction. India supplies over 25% of the UK's generic drug needs, which could be bolstered by more streamlined trade terms between the UK and EU.
India’s exports to the EU reached $86 billion in FY2024, and to the UK, it totaled $12 billion. These numbers are likely to grow as Indian businesses take advantage of lower tariffs and better market access in pharmaceuticals, textiles, and seafood.
Geopolitical & Strategic Engagement:
The synchronized UK-EU foreign policy could create opportunities for India to align itself with European powers like the UK, France, and Germany. This is especially significant in the context of Indo-Pacific security, climate change, and technology partnerships.
Enhanced cooperation in defense technology, cybersecurity, maritime security, and counter-terrorism could bolster India's security concerns, especially in the Indo-Pacific region, where India plays a vital role.
Trade Agreements with the EU & UK:
India-EU FTA negotiations could lead to more market access and regulatory cooperation, particularly in sectors like pharmaceuticals and textiles. India can push for reductions in non-tariff barriers (NTBs) to enhance competitiveness.
India’s UK-FTA will benefit 99% of Indian exports by reducing tariffs, facilitating easier access for Indian products like whisky and cars into the UK.
Green Energy & Technological Initiatives:
Green energy collaborations with the UK, including renewable energy projects, will support India’s transition to sustainable energy.
The UK-EU agreement could catalyze India’s development in technology, renewable energy, and smart cities, given the advanced technological and digital infrastructure in the European Union.
Financial Cooperation:
The Double Contribution Convention between India and the UK is strengthening bilateral financial cooperation, opening doors for more investments in India, especially in manufacturing, tech, and green energy sectors.
Stricter Quality and Environmental Standards:
Compliance costs will increase, particularly for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). Indian businesses, especially in pharmaceuticals, food safety, and textiles, may face higher costs to meet the EU and UK’s stringent quality standards (e.g., eco-friendly packaging, reduced carbon footprint).
SMEs may struggle to meet new compliance requirements, such as CE marking, ISO certifications, and ethical sourcing guidelines, leading to delays in market entry.
Bureaucratic Complexities & Technical Barriers:
Navigating the regulatory landscape in food safety, pharmaceuticals, and textiles may create bottlenecks for exporters who lack the capital, legal expertise, and technological infrastructure.
India's SMEs, which are heavily reliant on exports, may find it harder to adapt to complex EU/UK regulatory frameworks, potentially hindering market access.
Digital and Technological Gaps:
Digital compliance requirements like blockchain-based tracking and AI-driven compliance tools could pose a challenge for Indian SMEs without the necessary digital infrastructure.
Indian firms might struggle to keep pace with advanced digital standards set by Europe, risking slower integration into the global trade ecosystem.
Supply Chain & Logistics Adjustments:
As trade policies evolve, shipping costs and logistical challenges could increase, particularly for SMEs that rely on global supply chains for raw materials.
India will need to focus on strategic procurement and supply chain diversification to remain competitive.
Accelerating FTA Negotiations:
India should speed up negotiations with both the EU and the UK to secure preferential access to European markets and facilitate mutual recognition of quality standards, reducing trade barriers for Indian exports.
Harmonizing Domestic Regulations:
Strengthening India's regulatory frameworks to align with EU and UK standards will allow Indian exporters to meet international benchmarks. Sustainability-driven initiatives and a focus on ESG standards will help Indian businesses stay competitive.
Attracting Investment and Innovation:
India should focus on incentivizing European investment in the manufacturing and tech sectors, particularly in electronics, renewable energy, and green technologies. Programs like RoDTEP and the PLI Scheme should be leveraged to attract foreign capital.
Boosting Defense & Strategic Partnerships:
Deepening defense cooperation with the UK, France, and Germany will allow India to enhance its military capabilities and technological strength, especially in naval power, cybersecurity, and space technology.
Expanding Technological Infrastructure:
India’s National Logistics Policy (NLP) and Gati Shakti initiative can be scaled to improve transport networks, making it easier for Indian businesses to adapt to digital trade standards and meet global supply chain expectations.
Strengthening Digital Compliance Infrastructure:
India must invest in digital solutions for export compliance, such as blockchain-based tracking systems and AI-powered quality control mechanisms to improve transparency and efficiency in exports.
Cultural and Educational Engagement:
Promoting cultural exchanges and strengthening educational ties with European institutions will allow India to build soft power and diplomatic influence, which can be leveraged for trade and technology cooperation.
India’s evolving trade relationship with the UK and the EU presents both substantial opportunities and challenges. While the UK-EU agreement largely focuses on internal European integration, it has far-reaching implications for India’s economic growth, trade dynamics, and strategic relations. By capitalizing on the evolving FTAs, boosting digital and regulatory compliance, and deepening defense and security cooperation, India can use this reset to enhance exports, attract investments, and strengthen its geopolitical and technological influence on the global stage.
India’s progress on its climate commitments under the Paris Agreement has been commendable, with significant achievements in areas like non-fossil fuel capacity, carbon sinks, and emissions intensity reduction.
Non-Fossil Fuel Capacity:
India achieved its non-fossil fuel target of 50% of its total energy capacity by 2024, five years ahead of the 2030 deadline.
With a total installed capacity of 242.78 GW from non-fossil sources (including solar, wind, hydro, and nuclear), India is making substantial strides in the clean energy transition.
Carbon Sink:
India pledged to create an additional 2.5–3 billion tonnes of carbon sink through forest cover and afforestation.
By 2021, India had already achieved 2.29 billion tonnes, and by 2023, it likely crossed the 2.5 billion tonnes target.
The growth of forests and tree cover plays a significant role in sequestering carbon from the atmosphere.
Emissions Intensity Reduction:
India committed to reducing emissions intensity by 45% of GDP from 2005 levels by 2030.
By 2020, India had already reduced emissions intensity by 36%, putting it on track to meet or even exceed this target.
However, there is a lack of up-to-date data beyond 2020, which complicates monitoring and policy adjustments.
National Adaptation Plan (NAP): Aimed at strengthening resilience to climate change.
National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC): Outlines the eight national missions to promote sustainable development.
Sovereign Green Bonds: A financial instrument to fund climate-resilient projects.
Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats & Tangible Incomes (MISHTI): Protects coastal ecosystems and promotes sustainable livelihoods.
Mission LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment): Encourages sustainable lifestyles to reduce environmental impact.
Capacity vs Generation Gap:
While India achieved 50% non-fossil fuel capacity by 2024, only 28% of its electricity generation comes from non-fossil sources.
Additionally, clean energy (which includes renewables and nuclear) accounts for just 6% of India’s total energy consumption. Fossil fuels continue to dominate key sectors like industry, transport, and households.
Heavy Reliance on Solar:
Solar energy has been the dominant renewable source in India, contributing nearly 24 GW of the 30 GW installed in 2024.
However, other renewable sources like wind, hydropower, and nuclear are growing more slowly due to challenges such as land acquisition issues, policy delays, and financial constraints.
India’s nuclear capacity is projected to reach only 17 GW by 2030, far below the 100 GW target set for 2047.
Sustainability Concerns on Carbon Sink:
The focus on carbon sinks, especially through monoculture plantations, raises concerns about ecological impacts. There are questions about the long-term sustainability of these gains, particularly in the face of urbanization and land-use pressures.
A focus on native species over monoculture plantations could offer better carbon sequestration and ecological balance.
Emissions Intensity and Hard-to-Abate Sectors:
While India is on track to meet its emissions intensity target, the lack of reliable data post-2020 makes it difficult to track progress.
Hard-to-abate sectors like steel, cement, and heavy industry are still heavily reliant on fossil fuels. Without a clear roadmap for decarbonizing these sectors, India might experience rising absolute emissions in the future.
Climate Finance Shortfalls:
India has consistently highlighted the shortfall in climate finance and technology transfer from developed nations, despite their commitments under the Paris Agreement.
Many wealthy countries have missed their emission reduction targets and have under-delivered on the USD 100 billion annual climate finance pledge.
India has called for a more equitable and reliable climate finance mechanism, especially considering its development needs.
Bridging Capacity-Generation Gap:
Energy storage technologies like lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries need to be scaled up to handle the intermittent nature of solar and wind energy.
Modernizing transmission networks and deploying smart grids with demand-response systems will help integrate renewable energy more effectively and balance supply and demand.
Diversifying Beyond Solar:
India should fast-track wind and hydropower projects, easing land acquisition and clearance issues to reduce delays.
It should also increase investment in nuclear energy, with a focus on offshore wind and green hydrogen, which can play a pivotal role in the country’s clean energy future.
Sustainable Carbon Sink Growth:
Satellite technology like Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing can be employed to monitor and manage deforestation and afforestation more effectively.
India should focus on mixed native species plantations over monoculture for better carbon sequestration.
Agroforestry and expanding urban green cover (such as Miyawaki forests) will further boost the carbon sink and ecological balance.
Securing Climate Finance:
India should advocate for the fulfillment of the USD 300 billion annual climate finance commitment from developed nations, as agreed upon at UNFCCC COP29 in Baku.
Private and foreign investments should be encouraged through incentives, while simultaneously boosting indigenous R&D and fostering international collaborations on clean technologies.
India’s progress on its climate commitments is a testament to its determination and the effectiveness of various climate action initiatives. Achieving key milestones like non-fossil fuel capacity, carbon sinks, and emission intensity reduction ahead of schedule is impressive. However, challenges such as the capacity-generation gap, sectoral emissions, climate finance shortfalls, and concerns about the sustainability of carbon sinks need urgent attention.
India’s journey toward cooperative and fiscal federalism over the past decade has resulted in significant changes in the relationship between the Centre and state governments. The shift towards federalism has involved a more collaborative approach, with both sides working together to achieve common goals.
Reinterpreting Federalism:
Federalism isn’t explicitly mentioned in the Indian Constitution. However, B.R. Ambedkar’s vision for a system that is “both unitary and federal according to the requirements of time and circumstances” has guided India’s constitutional framework.
Historically, India’s system leaned more towards a unitary state; however, recent developments in the past decade have seen a shift towards a more federal approach.
Types of Federalism:
Cooperative Federalism: The Centre and states work in close partnership in decision-making and implementation. States are no longer simply recipients of directives from the Centre but are active partners in governance.
Example: NITI Aayog’s Governing Council where Chief Ministers and the Prime Minister sit together, signaling equal importance in discussions.
Competitive Federalism: States are encouraged to compete with each other to improve performance, attract investments, and improve governance.
Example: The Aspirational Districts Programme, where states compete to improve social indicators like health and education.
Fiscal Federalism: The financial relationship between the Centre and states, focusing on the sharing of resources, especially taxes.
Example: The GST Council, which involves both the Centre and states in the decision-making process around tax policy.
NITI Aayog, created in 2015 to replace the Planning Commission, has played a significant role in promoting cooperative and competitive federalism:
Bridge between Centre and States: NITI Aayog fosters greater cooperation between the Centre and states, ensuring that states have a say in decision-making.
Guidance and Facilitation: Unlike the old Planning Commission, NITI Aayog is not just a fund disbursary body. It guides, facilitates, and coordinates developmental policies and programs, making it an important partner in governance.
Competitiveness: By introducing Aspirational Districts Programme and creating indices like Health Index and SDG Index, NITI Aayog encourages states to compete to improve governance and development.
GST Council:
The GST Council is a symbol of fiscal federalism, ensuring consensus-based tax governance. States have an important voice in shaping tax policies, and they receive 71% of GST revenues, while the Centre retains 29%.
GST compensation: The Centre has provided over ₹6.52 lakh crore in GST compensation to states (2017-2025) to ensure that states aren’t adversely impacted by the implementation of GST.
Tax Devolution:
The 14th Finance Commission increased the states' share in the divisible tax pool from 32% to 42%. This change gave states greater financial autonomy.
Increased Transfers: Transfers to economically weaker states such as Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Chhattisgarh have been significantly increased, empowering them to address local development challenges.
Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS):
Funding for Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS) has increased significantly over the past decade, with allocations growing by 197% between 2015-16 and 2023-24. This has led to improved socioeconomic transformations across states.
However, CSS schemes often face the challenge of being over-centralized, where the Centre dictates the design and execution, leaving little room for states to tailor solutions according to local needs.
Fiscal Centralization:
Despite the progress in fiscal federalism, states rely heavily on the Centre for financial resources. Over 40% of state revenues come from Centre transfers.
The sunset of GST compensation in 2022 has left many states, like Punjab and Kerala, fiscally strained, as they no longer receive the compensations for potential GST revenue shortfalls.
Unequal Bargaining Power:
While states are meant to have an equal voice in the federal structure, the Centre’s power still overshadows that of smaller or politically-opposing states.
These states often struggle to get a fair share of resources or favorable terms for policy implementation.
Over-centralization of Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS):
Many centrally sponsored schemes are designed in a one-size-fits-all manner, without considering local realities and needs.
States often have to bear a partial cost burden but have limited authority to shape the design or execution of these schemes.
For example, PMGSY (Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana) and PMAY (Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana) are centrally-set schemes that may not always align with the local needs of states.
Political Polarization:
Allegations of political bias in fund allocation have been raised by states like West Bengal, Kerala, and Delhi, which accuse the Centre of favoring states governed by the ruling party.
This political polarization often hinders the smooth functioning of cooperative federalism.
Weak Institutional Mechanisms:
Bodies like the Inter-State Council and Zonal Councils are often underutilized, limiting their potential to resolve inter-state disputes and foster collaboration.
NITI Aayog, though playing an advisory role, lacks statutory status, limiting its authority and accountability in guiding federal policies.
Encroachment on State Subjects:
There is a growing concern about the Centre’s encroachment on areas listed under the State List in the Constitution.
For instance, the Farm Laws (now repealed) were perceived as an overreach into agriculture, which is a subject under the State List.
Federalism as a Guiding Principle:
Federalism remains a central governance philosophy in India, even though it’s not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution.
As Ambedkar noted, India’s Constitution would remain “both unitary and federal according to the requirements of time and circumstances.”
Suggestions for Strengthening NITI Aayog’s Functioning:
Grant statutory status to NITI Aayog to enhance its authority, ensuring that it can effectively guide policy and governance at both the Centre and state levels.
Strengthen state consultations in the policy formulation process to ensure that policies are equitable and cater to regional needs.
Improve funding and staffing within NITI Aayog to enhance operational efficiency and coordination with states.
Strike a balance between cooperative and competitive federalism, ensuring that the competition between states does not lead to unintended consequences like inequality in development.
India’s federal structure has evolved significantly over the past decade, with a shift towards more cooperative and fiscal federalism. Initiatives like NITI Aayog, the GST Council, and increased tax devolution have fostered a more collaborative approach between the Centre and states. However, challenges such as fiscal centralization, unequal bargaining power, and over-centralization of CSS remain.
The recent asymmetric strike by Ukraine, Operation Spiderweb, which involved long-range drone assaults on Russian air bases, offers critical insights into modern warfare. This operation not only highlighted the strategic impact of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) but also emphasized broader trends shaping the future of military conflicts.
Ukraine’s drone attacks on Russian military assets have drawn global attention, showcasing the rising importance of precision-based, low-cost warfare.
Strategic Targeting:
Over 40 Russian warplanes were damaged or destroyed, including those stationed in remote areas, demonstrating the reach and precision of drone warfare.
This highlights the increasing reliance on unmanned platforms to target high-value military assets without risking human lives or engaging in conventional warfare.
Psychological Impact:
The strike undermined Russian air superiority and forced changes in deployment strategies. This suggests that modern warfare is as much about psychological warfare as it is about physical destruction.
Russia’s reassessment of air force deployment strategies shows that asymmetric tactics can disrupt the strategic planning of even stronger adversaries.
Lessons for Future Conflicts:
Ukraine’s success underscores the growing importance of unmanned systems in asymmetric warfare.
Nations will need to develop robust air defense mechanisms to counter drones and other high-tech threats that can bypass traditional defense systems.
Modern Warfare:
Combines advanced technology, cyber capabilities, and artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance military operations.
Use of drones, hypersonic missiles, and electronic warfare allows nations to disrupt adversaries without engaging in full-scale combat.
Hybrid Warfare:
A combination of kinetic (traditional military operations) and non-kinetic (e.g., cyberattacks, economic coercion, disinformation) tactics.
Designed to destabilize adversaries through non-traditional means, avoiding direct military confrontation while still achieving political, economic, or military objectives.
The Russia-Ukraine conflict exemplifies this, with the cyberattacks, drone warfare, and economic sanctions playing a significant role.
Asymmetric Warfare:
Occurs when a weaker force employs unconventional tactics to counter a stronger opponent.
Examples include guerrilla warfare, cyberattacks, and drone strikes.
The Russia-Ukraine conflict showcases how a smaller power can leverage cyber capabilities and drones to disrupt a technologically superior foe.
Several factors explain the rise of these unconventional tactics in modern warfare:
Strategic Advantage and Deniability:
Hybrid and asymmetric strategies allow nations to achieve their objectives without a formal declaration of war, maintaining diplomatic channels open.
These approaches minimize the risk of high-intensity confrontation, often achieving goals without triggering large-scale military retaliation.
Cost-Effectiveness:
These methods are often less costly than traditional warfare. Economic sanctions, cyberattacks, and proxy warfare inflict significant damage on adversaries without requiring extensive military deployments or hardware investments.
Technological Advancements:
The proliferation of low-cost, high-tech weapons (e.g., drones, precision-guided missiles) has leveled the playing field between state and non-state actors.
These weapons allow smaller powers or non-state actors to inflict significant damage on technologically superior adversaries without engaging in direct combat.
Rise of Non-State Actors and Proxy Warfare:
The post-Cold War era has witnessed the rise of powerful non-state actors (e.g., terrorist groups, insurgencies, private military companies), who often engage in proxy warfare or hybrid tactics.
These actors are capable of operating across borders and forming complex networks of alliances.
Information as a Weapon:
Disinformation campaigns, memes, and fake narratives have become tools for destabilizing democracies and inciting internal unrest.
Social media has become a platform for hybrid warfare, amplifying political discord and influencing public opinion.
India is particularly vulnerable to these evolving forms of warfare, with several challenges on its horizon:
Cross-Border Terrorism and Proxy Warfare:
India faces asymmetric threats from Pakistan, which sponsors terrorist organizations like Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM).
These groups engage in proxy wars and asymmetric tactics like terrorist attacks, creating instability.
Information Warfare and Psychological Operations:
India’s internal cohesion is frequently targeted by disinformation campaigns that spread misinformation, manipulate political sentiment, and provoke communal unrest.
These operations often leverage social media to create divisions and influence national narratives.
Cyberattacks on Critical Infrastructure:
India’s growing digital infrastructure is increasingly under threat.
The Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant malware incident (2019) and Mumbai power grid blackout (2020) are examples of suspected cyberattacks aimed at destabilizing the country.
Economic Warfare and Supply Chain Vulnerabilities:
India’s economic dependence on countries like China exposes it to economic coercion.
For example, 80% of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) in Indian medicines come from China, creating a potential chokepoint during geopolitical tensions.
China’s Grey-Zone Tactics and Territorial Encroachments:
China employs grey-zone warfare, where actions fall just short of triggering direct conflict. This has been evident in the 2020 Galwan clashes and ongoing territorial encroachments in the South China Sea and along the Indo-China border.
Digital Espionage and Surveillance Threats:
The Pegasus spyware controversy raised serious concerns about digital espionage and the misuse of surveillance technologies.
India’s leadership, military assets, and strategic installations are frequent targets of digital surveillance by foreign and domestic actors.
India has made significant strides in preparing for these new forms of conflict:
Integrating Technology:
India recognizes the need to integrate advanced technology into its defense strategies, including AI-driven surveillance, cyber defense, and unmanned aerial systems.
The Akashteer air defense system is a critical asset, providing real-time threat detection and automated responses.
Leveraging Unconventional Strategies:
The DRDO Young Scientist Laboratory – Asymmetric Technologies (DYSL-AT) is leading efforts to research and develop AI-powered swarm algorithms and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for modern warfare.
Addressing Multi-Dimensional Threats:
India is actively studying the growing complexity of non-kinetic warfare, with parliamentary committees working to assess defense preparedness.
Collaborative security frameworks and enhanced intelligence-sharing between military and government agencies are seen as crucial in countering hybrid threats.
The asymmetric and hybrid warfare landscape is rapidly evolving, marked by the increasing use of drones, cyberattacks, economic warfare, and disinformation campaigns. These tactics allow smaller powers or non-state actors to challenge technologically superior adversaries, with Ukraine’s Operation Spiderweb serving as a prominent example.
India’s Prime Minister’s participation as the guest of honor at the 60th Independence Day celebrations of the Maldives represents a significant reset in bilateral relations, offering a fresh start after a period of tensions. This visit comes amidst strained ties under the current Maldivian President, largely due to the India Out campaign and derogatory remarks by officials linked to his administration.
Progress on Strategic Partnership:
Both nations reviewed the 2024 Economic and Maritime Security Partnership. India reaffirmed its Neighbourhood First policy and the MAHASAGAR policy, emphasizing the importance of closer cooperation in economic and maritime security.
Economic & Digital Partnership:
India proposed an FTA (Free Trade Agreement) and a Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) to open up new avenues for trade and investment.
UPI, RuPay card, and local currency trade agreements were signed, reflecting a mutual commitment to enhancing the digital economy and tourism.
Financial Support and Infrastructure:
India extended a USD 550 million Line of Credit (LoC) for infrastructure development in the Maldives.
An Amendatory Agreement on existing LoCs was signed, which reduced the Maldives' annual debt repayment by 40%.
Infrastructure and Social Projects:
Key infrastructure projects were inaugurated, including roads and drainage systems in Addu City, community development projects, and the construction of 3,300 social housing units.
Healthcare & Disaster Support:
India provided two Aarogya Maitri Health Cubes (BHISHM) equipped for emergency medical assistance, capable of treating up to 200 casualties.
Several factors pushed the Maldives to reconsider its previously strained relations with India:
Severe Economic Crisis:
The Maldives was facing a severe economic downturn, with foreign exchange reserves dropping to USD 440 million, and a downgrade in its credit rating by Moody's due to the risk of debt default.
Economic Dependence on India:
India is a critical economic partner, with Indian tourists accounting for a significant share of the Maldives' tourism sector. Strained relations had resulted in the loss of USD 150 million in revenue.
India also supplies essential goods like food, medicines, and construction materials to the Maldives, reinforcing its economic importance.
India's Strategic Role:
The historical significance of India in the Maldives’ development and security was acknowledged. India had always been the ‘First Responder’ during crises, such as the 2014 water crisis, Operation Cactus (1988), and the Covid-19 pandemic.
Geopolitical Balancing with China:
The Maldives' recalibration is an effort to balance relations with both India and China. It allows the Maldives to benefit from India’s support, while still maintaining a diversified foreign policy and engagement with China.
Political Realism:
Recognizing India’s economic and geopolitical significance, the Maldives is making a strategic recalibration, signaling its desire to protect and strengthen ties with India.
Strategic Location:
The Maldives sits at a key geopolitical location along major International Shipping Lanes (ISLs) in the Indian Ocean. This is critical for India’s own trade and energy flows, with 50% of India’s external trade and 80% of its energy imports transiting these waters.
Countering China’s Influence:
The Maldives is essential in helping counterbalance China’s growing presence in the Indian Ocean region. A stable Maldives contributes to the regional maritime stability that India strives to maintain, safeguarding its security interests.
Indian Ocean as India’s Strategic Sphere:
India considers the Indian Ocean its strategic backyard, and the Maldives plays a pivotal role in ensuring regional maritime stability. Strong bilateral ties are key for India’s strategic goals in the region.
Security Cooperation:
India has long been a trusted security provider for the Maldives, notably through Operation Cactus in 1988 to thwart a coup. Regular joint exercises like Ekuverin, Dosti, and Ekatha enhance defense collaboration.
Tourism Contribution:
Indian tourists form the largest source market for the Maldives, comprising 11.2% of arrivals in 2023. This makes strong ties with India vital for the Maldives' tourism-dependent economy.
Education and Cultural Exchange:
India is the preferred destination for Maldivian students pursuing higher education. Offering scholarships and access to prestigious institutions strengthens the people-to-people ties.
Climate Change Cooperation:
Given the Maldives' vulnerability to sea-level rise, cooperation on climate change adaptation and mitigation is essential for both nations, enhancing India's role as a responsible regional power.
Disaster Relief and Humanitarian Support:
India has been a reliable partner in times of crisis, providing humanitarian aid during the tsunami, water shortages, and the Covid-19 pandemic. This reinforces India’s role as a dependable neighbor.
Economic & Developmental Cooperation:
Expedite the FTA and Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) to enhance economic ties.
Focus on reducing China’s influence by fast-tracking key projects like the Greater Malé Connectivity Project (GMCP) and developing undersea cable links to boost digital infrastructure.
Security & Strategic Collaboration:
Enhance maritime security through joint patrols, EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone) monitoring, and the donation of patrol vessels and drones.
Strengthen intelligence-sharing and collaborate through the Colombo Security Conclave to bolster regional security.
People-to-People Ties:
Engage Maldivian youth and support independent media to counter the India Out narrative.
Encourage cultural exchanges, including film collaborations, to deepen ties at the grassroots level.
Diplomatic & Political Outreach:
Conduct frequent high-level visits and promote Track-II diplomacy through think tanks, academic exchanges, and people-to-people engagement.
Ensure sensitive handling of sovereignty concerns, especially around the India Out campaign, and avoid public spats.
The reset in India-Maldives relations is crucial for regional stability, countering China's influence, and fostering mutual economic growth. India must focus on trade, security, and people-to-people ties to solidify its position as the Maldives' trusted partner. By strategically engaging in economic, security, and cultural initiatives, India can ensure long-term cooperation and contribute to the stability of the Indian Ocean region
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has recently announced an increase in the Digital Payments Index (RBI-DPI), which reached 493.22 in March 2025, up from 465.33 in September 2024. This reflects a growing adoption of digital payment methods in India.
Purpose: The RBI-DPI is designed to measure the extent to which digital payments have been integrated into India's financial ecosystem. The index tracks the digitization of payments across the country and is the first of its kind.
Launch: The RBI launched the index in January 2021 to accurately gauge the spread and growth of digital payments.
Base Year: The base period for the index is March 2018, with a score of 100 assigned to that year.
Five Key Parameters:
The RBI-DPI uses five broad parameters to assess the progress of digital payments:
Payment Enablers (25% weight): This measures the infrastructure supporting digital payments.
Demand-side and Supply-side Payment Infrastructure (10% each): These factors evaluate the accessibility and availability of digital payment systems to both consumers and service providers.
Payment Performance (45%): The largest weightage, focusing on the overall efficiency and reliability of digital payment systems.
Consumer Centricity (5%): Measures how digital payments cater to consumer needs and preferences.
Each of these parameters is subdivided into sub-parameters, with measurable indicators that help evaluate the depth of digital payments penetration.
The rise in the RBI-DPI score indicates a significant shift towards digital payment methods in India. The index provides a quantitative look at how digital payments are expanding, offering valuable insights for policymakers, businesses, and consumers. It also showcases India's progress in its goal of fostering a more cashless, tech-driven economy.
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We provide offline, online and recorded lectures in the same amount.
Every aspirant is unique and the mentoring is customised according to the strengths and weaknesses of the aspirant.
In every Lecture. Director Sir will provide conceptual understanding with around 800 Mindmaps.
We provide you the best and Comprehensive content which comes directly or indirectly in UPSC Exam.
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