Host and Venue:

• President: Italy
• Location: Apulia, Italy
• Duration: Three days

Key Aspects of the Summit:

1. Attendees:
   • The summit was hosted by Italy, which held the G7 presidency for 2024.
   • Special Invitees: India, Brazil, Argentina, UAE, and Turkiye were among the special invitees.
2. Communiqué Highlights:
   • Global Economy: Discussions focused on strengthening global economic stability, addressing inflation, and promoting sustainable economic growth.
   • Climate Change: Emphasis on accelerated climate action, including commitments to reduce carbon emissions and transition to renewable energy sources.
   • Geopolitical Tensions: Dialogue on regional and global security issues, including strategies for conflict resolution and cooperation in troubled regions.
   • Trade and Investment: Agreed on policies to enhance international trade and investment, aiming to reduce trade barriers and promote equitable economic development.
   • Health and Pandemics: Focused on global health security, improving pandemic preparedness, and ensuring equitable access to vaccines and medical resources.
3. Special Sessions:
   • Digital Transformation: Addressed the challenges and opportunities posed by digital technology, including cybersecurity and digital inclusion.
   • Global Governance: Discussed reforms in global institutions to better address contemporary challenges, including the need for a more inclusive approach to international decision-making.
4. India’s Participation:
   • As a special invitee, India contributed to discussions on global economic policies, climate action, and international cooperation.
   • Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s presence highlighted India’s growing role in global affairs and its commitment to addressing shared global challenges.
5. Collaborative Initiatives:
   • The summit emphasized collaborative efforts to tackle global issues, with a focus on fostering partnerships among G7 countries and invited nations.

Key Outcomes of the G7 Summit 2024

1. Global Economy and Trade

• Multilateral Trading System: The G7 reaffirmed their commitment to an open, rules-based multilateral trading system.
• World Trade Organization (WTO): Emphasized the importance of the WTO and called for its reform to address contemporary and future challenges.

2. Climate and Environment

• Climate Change: Reiterated the urgency of addressing climate change and committed to achieving net-zero emissions by 2050.
• Apulia Green Investment Plan: Launched to support developing countries in transitioning to clean energy, promoting sustainable development globally.

3. Health

• Global Health Systems: Focused on strengthening global health systems and enhancing pandemic preparedness.
• Support for WHO: Committe
• d to bolstering the World Health Organization (WHO) and other international health initiatives to improve global health security.

4. Digital and Technology

• Ethical AI: Emphasized the need for ethical artificial intelligence (AI) and digital inclusivity.
• AI Hub for Sustainable Development: Supported Italy’s proposal to establish an AI Hub dedicated to sustainable development, aimed at fostering responsible AI innovation.

5. Gender Equality

• Economic Empowerment: Renewed efforts to close gender gaps and promote women’s economic empowerment across various sectors.

6. Support for Infrastructure Projects

• IMEC (India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor):
  • Objective: Enhance connectivity and economic integration between India, the Middle East, and Europe.
• Other Infrastructure Projects:
  • Lobito Corridor: Support extended for this corridor stretching from Lobito on Angola’s Atlantic coast through the DRC into Zambia.
  • Luzon Corridor: Focused on the economic and infrastructure development on the island of Luzon in the Philippines.
  • Middle Corridor: Also known as the Trans-Caspian International Transport Route (TITR), this corridor links Southeast Asia and China to Europe via Central Asia and Turkey, enhancing trade and economic cooperation.

7. Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment (PGII)

• Promotion of PGII: G7 leaders decided to advance concrete initiatives and flagship projects under the PGII framework, which was formally launched at the 2022 G7 Summit. The aim is to enhance global infrastructure and investment collaboration.

8. Regional Focus

Africa and the Mediterranean

• Demographic and Economic Potential: The G7 recognized the significant demographic and economic potential of Africa.
• African Union Integration: Supported efforts to integrate the African Union into international decision-making bodies to enhance representation and influence.
• G7 Apulia Food Systems Initiative: Launched to improve food security and bolster agricultural resilience across Africa.

Energy

• Energy for Growth in Africa Initiative: Endorsed this initiative to promote clean energy investments and foster industrial growth throughout the continent.

9. Outreach Chair Summary

Global South and International Cooperation

• Impact on the Global South: Discussed the disproportionate impact of global challenges on the Global South, emphasizing the need for solidarity and shared responsibility in addressing these issues.

Africa’s Future

• Growth and Potential: Highlighted Africa's demographic growth and economic potential, supporting various initiatives aimed at infrastructure, economic, and social development in the region.

Artificial Intelligence

• Ethical AI: Addressed both the potential and challenges of AI, with a focus on ethical use and digital inclusion.
• AI Hub for Sustainable Development: Proposed the creation of this hub to support local digital ecosystems and promote sustainable development through responsible AI practices.

Energy and Climate

• Paris Agreement: Reaffirmed commitments to the Paris Agreement and the transition towards a net-zero economy.
• Energy for Growth in Africa Initiative: Welcomed as part of efforts to support sustainable energy development on the continent.

10. $50 Billion Loan to Ukraine

• Financial Support: The G7 leaders agreed to arrange a $50 billion loan to support Ukraine amid its ongoing crisis.
• Collateral: The loan will be backed by interest earned on profits from Russia’s frozen central bank assets.

Origin of the G7

• Initial Context: The G7 was created in response to the oil shocks of 1973 and the resulting financial crises.
• Founding Meeting: In 1975, the leaders of the world's six largest industrial nations—US, UK, France, West Germany, Japan, and Italy—gathered to discuss these economic challenges.
• Expansion: Canada joined the group in 1976, formally establishing the G7.

Current Members

• Core Members: The current members of the G7 are the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, and Japan.
• European Union: The EU is also represented in G7 discussions.

Criticisms Faced by the G7

• Elitism and Inclusivity:
  • The G7 excludes several major economies, notably China, India, and Brazil, which are among the top ten largest economies in the world.
  • Compared to the G20, the G7 lacks broader global representation.
• Membership Issues:
  • The G7 has not expanded its membership in recent years. It even reduced its number by excluding Russia in 2014 following the annexation of Crimea.
  • In contrast, the BRICS group (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) has grown to include additional members like the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Egypt, and Ethiopia.
• Challenges to Relevance:
  • The G7 has struggled to influence significant global issues, such as the Russia-Ukraine conflict, the Israel-Gaza situation, and China’s growing global economic influence.
  • These limitations raise questions about the G7's effectiveness in addressing contemporary global challenges.

Future Uncertainty

• Leadership and Effectiveness:
  • The G7's future effectiveness may be impacted by upcoming leadership changes, particularly in the UK and the US.
  • The next G7 summit is scheduled for 2025 in Alberta, Canada. The participation of India on the sidelines is uncertain, which might affect the group's dynamics.

ISRO's collaboration with the French space agency CNES  for the TRISHNA mission marks an exciting advancement in satellite technology and environmental monitoring. Scheduled for launch, TRISHNA (Thermal Infrared Imaging Satellite for High-resolution Natural Resource Assessment) will be equipped to capture high-resolution thermal infrared imagery. This capability is crucial for monitoring and assessing natural resources and environmental changes with greater precision.

Aim: The mission aims to enhance our understanding of various environmental factors, such as land surface temperature variations, vegetation health, and water resources. By providing detailed thermal imaging, TRISHNA will support more effective resource management and contribute valuable data for climate studies and natural disaster response.

About TRISHNA Mission
• It is designed to offer precise information about the Earth's land and sea temperatures. These metrics are vital for farming methods, such as monitoring urban heat and mitigating calamities.

Applications:

• Agriculture: By tracking temperature variations, TRISHNA helps optimize farming strategies, improve crop yields, and monitor drought conditions.
• Urban Heat: It aids in assessing and managing heat islands in urban areas, contributing to better city planning and public health strategies.
• Disaster Management: Accurate temperature data supports early warning systems and disaster response efforts, helping to mitigate the impacts of extreme weather events.

Global Initiatives:

• GEOGLAM: TRISHNA's data supports the Global Agricultural Monitoring initiative, which aims to provide timely and accurate information on crop conditions and agricultural practices worldwide.
• UN Sustainable Development Goals: The mission contributes to goals related to climate action, sustainable cities, and responsible consumption by offering insights into temperature trends and environmental changes.
• Global Water Watch: By monitoring water temperatures, TRISHNA helps in managing and protecting water resources on a global scale.

The TRISHNA satellite is equipped with two advanced payloads, each serving distinct purposes:

1. Thermal Infra-Red (TIR) Payload: Provided by the French space agency CNES, this payload is designed for high-resolution surface temperature and emissivity mapping. It focuses on capturing detailed thermal infrared imagery, which is crucial for understanding temperature variations and surface characteristics. This data is valuable for monitoring land surface temperatures, detecting thermal anomalies, and studying various environmental and climatic processes.
2. Visible - Near Infra-Red - Short Wave Infra-Red (VNIR-SWIR) Payload: Developed by ISRO, this payload includes seven spectral bands covering Visible (V), Near Infrared (NIR), and Short Wave Infrared (SWIR) regions. It aims to provide detailed surface reflectance mapping across these bands. This capability is essential for generating critical biophysical variables like vegetation health, soil moisture, and land cover classification, as well as assessing the radiation budget of the Earth.

Together, these payloads will enable comprehensive Earth observation and contribute valuable data for climate monitoring, environmental management, and natural resource assessment.

The Preston Curve is an insightful concept in understanding the relationship between economic development and health outcomes.

Summary of the Preston Curve

1. Concept Origin: The Preston Curve, introduced by Samuel H. Preston in his 1975 paper "The Changing Relation Between Mortality and Level of Economic Development," explores how life expectancy correlates with per capita income.
2. Core Observation: Preston observed that in wealthier countries, people generally live longer lives compared to those in poorer countries. This correlation is largely due to better healthcare, improved nutrition, cleaner environments, and other factors associated with higher income.
3. Initial Gains: As a country experiences economic growth, its per capita income rises. This initially leads to significant improvements in life expectancy as people access better nutrition, healthcare, and living conditions.
4. Broader Improvements: Along with increased income, other developmental indicators like infant and maternal mortality rates, educational attainment, and overall healthcare quality also tend to improve.
5. Example: In India, the average per capita income increased from around ₹9,000 per year in 1947 to ₹55,000 per year in 2011. During this period, life expectancy rose from 32 years to over 66 years, reflecting the positive impact of economic development on health.
6. Diminishing Returns: The Preston Curve indicates that while per capita income significantly boosts life expectancy in poorer countries, this relationship starts to level off in wealthier nations. Beyond a certain level of income, additional increases in per capita income yield diminishing returns in life expectancy. This plateau could be due to biological limits on human lifespan and the fact that other factors beyond income also play a critical role in health.

Additional Context

• Economic and Social Factors: While higher income improves life expectancy, the curve suggests that income alone isn't sufficient for further gains in health. Other factors, such as healthcare systems, social equality, and lifestyle choices, also play crucial roles.
• Policy Implications: Understanding the Preston Curve helps policymakers recognize that improving health outcomes in wealthy countries may require addressing non-economic factors, such as healthcare quality, social services, and environmental conditions.
• Global Perspectives: The Preston Curve also highlights disparities between countries. For instance, low-income countries may see more substantial improvements in health outcomes with economic growth compared to high-income countries where the returns on additional income are less pronounced.