Production Gap Report 2025

The Production Gap Report 2025 reveals a troubling trend: many countries are planning to increase fossil fuel production well beyond the levels needed to limit global warming to 1.5°C as per the Paris Agreement. Despite commitments to climate goals, fossil fuel production is on track to significantly outpace what is necessary to prevent catastrophic climate change.

About the Production Gap Report 2025

The Production Gap Report is a comprehensive analysis published by several organizations, including the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), Climate Analytics, and the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), and is backed by the United Nations (UN). The report tracks the discrepancy between the fossil fuel production planned by governments and what is actually required to meet global climate targets.

The 2025 edition of the report marks the fifth iteration since its first release in 2019 and builds on findings from the 2023 report.

Key Findings from the Production Gap Report 2025

1. Rising Coal Demand:

   • Coal continues to be the most misaligned fossil fuel in terms of global climate targets. Projected coal production in 2030 will be 500% higher than what is needed to limit global warming to 1.5°C.

   • India’s Coal Gasification Mission, launched in 2020, targets the gasification of 100 million tonnes of coal by 2030, further exacerbating the global coal production gap.

   • Coal gasification is a process that converts coal into syngas, which can be used for power generation but still contributes significantly to emissions.

2. Increase in Fossil Fuel Production:

   • Planned fossil fuel production for 2030 will exceed levels required for a 1.5°C pathway by over 120%, and by 77% for a 2°C pathway.

   • Governments are planning higher coal production to 2035, gas production to 2050, and oil production also extending to 2050. This signifies a long-term reliance on fossil fuels, undermining climate goals.

   • In 2023, Rs 726 billion were spent on oil and gas subsidies in India, with plans to increase the share of natural gas in the energy mix from 6.2% to 15% by 2030.

3. Major Contributors to Fossil Fuel Emissions:

   • In 2022, China, the US, and Russia together accounted for over half of global extraction-based emissions from fossil fuels.

   • 20 major producers contribute to around 80% of global fossil fuel production.

   • 17 of these 20 major producers plan to increase at least one type of fossil fuel by 2030.

4. Limited Alignment with Climate Targets:

   • Only 6 countries are aligning their fossil fuel production with net-zero targets as of 2025, up from 4 in 2023.

   • Countries such as China, India, US, and Germany are still planning to produce more fossil fuels than what is compatible with climate goals.

How Can India Balance Fossil Fuel Production with Renewable Energy?

India faces a delicate balancing act in transitioning to renewable energy while managing its fossil fuel sector. The GRIDS framework outlines potential steps:

1. G - Grid Infrastructure Modernization:

   • Invest in energy storage solutions like batteries and pumped hydro.

   • Create green energy corridors to store and transmit solar and wind power efficiently, reducing reliance on fossil fuels.

   R - Reskill Workers:

   • Reskill workers in coal-dependent regions such as Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, and Odisha.

   • Repurpose mining areas for renewable energy projects like solar parks, creating socially responsible job opportunities.

   I - Increase Energy Efficiency:

   • Implement strict energy efficiency standards across industries and residential sectors.

   • Promote demand response programs to manage energy use during peak times, reducing the pressure on fossil fuels.

   • Support schemes like the Perform, Achieve and Trade (PAT) Scheme, aimed at improving energy efficiency in industrial sectors.

   D - Develop Natural Gas as a Bridge Fuel:

   • Increase the share of natural gas from 6.2% to 15% by 2030 as a cleaner alternative to coal.

   • Use flexible gas plants that emit 50% less CO₂ than coal to support the transition to renewables.

   S - Sustainability through Policy Integration:

   • Align fossil fuel reduction targets with renewable energy goals using policies such as carbon pricing, renewable subsidies, and phasing out inefficient fossil fuel subsidies.

India’s Initiatives to Reduce Dependence on Fossil Fuels

India has launched several initiatives aimed at reducing its dependence on fossil fuels and accelerating the adoption of clean energy:

• Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid & Electric Vehicles (FAME): Promoting electric mobility to reduce oil consumption and air pollution.

• National Green Hydrogen Mission: Boosting the production and use of green hydrogen as a clean energy source.

• Green Energy Corridor (GEC): Expanding renewable energy infrastructure to improve the integration of renewable energy into the national grid.

• Perform, Achieve and Trade (PAT) Scheme: Encouraging energy efficiency in industries by rewarding reductions in energy consumption.

• National Policy on Biofuels: Promoting biofuels to replace fossil fuels in sectors like transportation.

Conclusion:

The Production Gap Report 2025 highlights a dangerous contradiction in global climate policy. Despite pledging to combat climate change, countries continue to expand fossil fuel production, prioritizing short-term energy security and economic growth over long-term climate goals. This growing gap between production plans and climate targets poses a significant threat to the goals of the Paris Agreement and exacerbates the risks of catastrophic global warming.