Manipur Crisis

The ongoing crisis in Manipur, which has now lasted for over two years, has resulted in over 250 deaths and widespread displacement, yet it has not received the same level of national priority as other security issues.

Background of the Conflict

Ethnic Tensions: The violence in Manipur escalated in May 2023 due to ethnic tensions between the Meitei and tribal communities, particularly the Kuki-Zo groups. The immediate trigger was a Manipur High Court directive to consider granting Scheduled Tribe (ST) status to the Meitei community, which was opposed by the tribal groups. The demand for Meitei ST status was seen as an attempt to grant more political and economic advantages to the Meiteis, further marginalizing the already marginalized tribal communities.

Manipur: Geopolitical Context

• Location: Located in Northeastern India, Manipur borders Nagaland (204 km) in the north, Mizoram (95 km) in the south, Assam (204.1 km) in the west, and has an international boundary with Myanmar (352 km) in the east.

• Historical Significance: Manipur has a rich cultural history, being a center of Krishna consciousness and embracing Vaishnavism since the 15th century. The state is known for its classical Manipuri dance and its role as the gateway to Southeast Asia, making it a key region for India’s Act East Policy, which aims to strengthen trade and diplomatic ties with Southeast Asia.

Key Drivers of the Conflict

1. Demographic and Political Imbalance:

   • Imphal Valley: This area, comprising only 10% of the state’s landmass, is dominated by the Meitei community, who make up over 64% of the population.

   • Tribal Areas: The remaining 90% of the state is home to various tribal groups such as the Kuki and Naga communities, who feel politically and economically sidelined.

2. Immediate Trigger (April 2023):

   • The Manipur High Court directed the state government to consider granting ST status to the Meitei community, which led to widespread protests from the tribal groups, fearing increased marginalization.

Key Concerns and Impact of the Crisis

1. Humanitarian Crisis:

   • Over 250 deaths and thousands displaced, with communities forced into relief camps where they lack access to basic healthcare, education, and daily necessities.

   • The buffer zone policy, meant to separate the Meitei and tribal communities, has only exacerbated the violence, making it a flashpoint for further clashes.

2. Political Instability:

   • The imposition of President’s Rule in Manipur following the resignation of the Chief Minister has led to political paralysis and confusion.

   • Lack of a clear roadmap for reconciliation between the Meitei and tribal groups.

3. Ethnic Tensions and Security Concerns:

   • The Meitei vs. Kuki-Zo divisions are deep-rooted, aggravated by political narratives.

   • Cross-border security concerns, particularly the involvement of Kuki militants from Myanmar, and the mobilization of valley-based insurgent groups (VBIGs).

4. Economic Impact:

   • Internet shutdowns have restricted communication and documentation of the crisis.

   • Rising inflation, food scarcity, and economic disruptions have made survival increasingly difficult for the displaced communities.

   • Decline in tourism and disruption of small industries, further affecting the state’s economic health.

5. Challenges to India’s Act East Policy:

   • The unrest threatens the Act East Policy, which is central to improving India’s ties with Southeast Asia, particularly in terms of trade, connectivity, and strategic alliances.

The Way Forward

1. Political Leadership and Governance Reforms:

   • Engagement with Stakeholders: The Union government must engage with all stakeholders, including tribal groups, Meiteis, and local leaders, to ensure a neutral and effective administration.

   • Roadmap for Peace: The Manipur People’s Convention has called for a time-bound roadmap to restore peace and ensure safe movement for all residents.

2. Security and Law Enforcement:

   • The buffer zone policy should be reassessed to prevent further violence.

   • Measures to curb illegal weapons circulation are crucial in preventing armed conflicts and escalation.

   • Security forces must focus on de-escalation rather than militarizing the region.

3. Inclusive Dialogue:

   • Engage all stakeholders: Dialogue should involve all communities (Meitei, Kuki, Naga, and others) to understand grievances and work toward a shared vision of peace.

   • The Mizoram Accord of 1986, which resolved the Mizo conflict, offers a blueprint for successful engagement and peace-building.

4. Humanitarian Relief and Economic Recovery:

   • Expand immediate relief efforts to support displaced individuals and affected communities.

   • Economic rehabilitation programs should be implemented to restore livelihoods and rebuild the infrastructure destroyed during the conflict.

5. Evaluation of Criteria for Declaring a Community as SC/ST:

   • A reassessment of the criteria for Scheduled Caste (SC) and Scheduled Tribe (ST) status should be conducted based on factors such as:

     • Primitive traits.

     • Distinct culture.

     • Geographical isolation.

     • Backwardness.

Conclusion

The ongoing Manipur crisis is a humanitarian disaster with deep political, ethnic, and economic ramifications. While the central government has taken steps such as imposing President’s Rule, the long-term solution requires inclusive dialogue, political reforms, and a humanitarian approach that prioritizes the needs of all communities. The crisis also has broader implications for India’s Act East Policy and regional security. Rebuilding trust, fostering reconciliation, and addressing the underlying causes of ethnic tensions are crucial to achieving lasting peace and stability in the state.