Daily News Analysis

Humboldt’s Enigma

stylish_lining

Explorers and naturalists have been curious why some areas are more biodiverse than others.

What is Humboldt’s enigma?

  • It is a term used to describe the puzzle of why some mountain regions, especially in the tropics, have exceptionally high biodiversity, contrary to the expected decrease in diversity away from the equator.
  • It is named after Alexander von Humboldt, a 19th-century naturalist who explored the relationship between climate, geography, and species distribution.
  • Humboldt’s enigma challenges the conventional wisdom that the most biodiverse areas are the lowland tropical forests.
  • Tropical diversity- They have more energy, resources and ecological niches leading to higher biodiversity.
  • The diversity decreases away from the tropics, but mountains have been an important exception which is the essence of Humboldt’s enigma
  • Mountain diversity- Mountains play a key role in generating and maintaining diversity.
  • The factors that drive biodiversity on mountains such as climate, geology and evolutionary processes.

What drives the biodiversity in mountain?

  • Mountains can act as cradle or museum of species, depending on their history and stability.
  • Geological process- Uplifts result in new habitats where new species arise, so the habitats are cradles.
    • Northern Andes in South America have diverse biomes and habitats supported by rich variety of species across elevation.
  • Climatic conditions- Species on some climatologically stable mountains persist there for long time, so these spots are museums that accumulate many such species over time.
    • Shola Sky Island in India- Sholicola and the Montecincla ancient bird species have survived in isolated peaks of Western Ghats
  • Geological heterogeneity- A key factor in biodiversity formation as different types of rocks and soils influence plant diversity and adaptation.
  • Mountains with more geological diversity tend to have more biodiversity.
    • Eastern Himalayas have groups of birds which evolved elsewhere and dispersed to the Himalaya, resulting in higher diversity there.

What lies ahead?

  • There is a need for more fine scale data on species distribution and evolution especially in under studies regions like the Eastern Ghats India to know about the rich biodiversity.
  • National programmes such as National Mission on Himalayan Studies, the National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem, and the National Mission on Biodiversity and Human Wellbeing should be strengthened, bolstered by the will to support basic research on diversity

Steps taken to study biodiversity in India

National Mission on Himalayan Studies

  • Launch year- 2015-16
  • Aim- To provide much needed focus on the conservation and sustainable management of natural resources in the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR).
  • Goal- To improve quality of life and maintain ecosystem health of the region to ensure long- term ecological security to the country.

National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem

  • Launch year- 2010
  • It is one of the 8 missions outlined in the National Climate Change Action Plan (NAPCC) of India.
  • Aim- To facilitate the development of long term policy measures for sustaining and safeguarding the Himalayan ecosystem, including Himalayan glaciers.

National Mission on Biodiversity and Human Wellbeing

  • Launch year- 2018
  • Approval- By Prime Minister’s Science, Technology and Innovation Advisory council (PM-STIAC)
  • Aim- To bring biodiversity and conservation to the forefront of Indian science, policy, and society’s attention.

Hypersonic Missile

India's successful hypersonic missile test marks a significant milestone in the country's defense capabilities, particularly in the realm of advanced missile technology. India Tests It
Share It

India Successfully Tests K-4 Nuclear-Capable Missile

India Successfully Tests K-4 Nuclear-Capable Missile Overview of the Test: India has successfully test-fired the K-4, an indigenously developed nuclear-capable ballistic missile, from the
Share It

India-Sri Lanka Fishing Dispute:

India-Sri Lanka Fishing Dispute: The fishing dispute between India and Sri Lanka in the Palk Bay has been a long-standing issue with a range of underlying causes and implications for both countrie
Share It

Ensuring Child Safety Online

Ensuring Child Safety Online Overview: In early February, Meta CEO Mark Zuckerberg publicly apologized to parents whose children had fallen victim to online predators during a Congressional hearing
Share It

ABHYAS - High-Speed Expendable Aerial Target (HEAT)

ABHYAS - High-Speed Expendable Aerial Target (HEAT) Overview: The Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO) successfully carried out flight trials of ABHYAS-HEAT, an autonomou
Share It

Operation AMRITH

Operation AMRITH Overview: Operation AMRITH is an initiative launched by the state of Kerala to address Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) by enforcing the H1 rule that mandates a doctor's
Share It

Green GDP

Green GDP Chhattisgarh's initiative to link forest ecosystem services with Green GDP marks a significant step toward sustainable development. By becoming the first state in India to adopt such
Share It

nuclear power

nuclear power The Indian government's recent move to involve private players in the nuclear power sector marks a transformative shift, aiming to boost efficiency, innovation, and investment. Th
Share It

Maratha Military Landscapes

Maratha Military Landscapes Why in News? Maratha Military Landscapes have been selected as India’s nomination for the UNESCO World Heritage List for 2024-25. The landscapes w
Share It

Rural Poverty Alleviation in India

Rural Poverty Alleviation in India Context and Importance The Ministry of Rural Development recently showcased the progress of the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana-Gramin (PMAY-G), a flagship initiative
Share It

Newsletter Subscription


ACQ IAS
ACQ IAS