Location: Situated in Pandharpur, Maharashtra, on the banks of the Bhima River (also known as Chandrabhaga).
Deity: The temple is dedicated to Lord Vitthal, a form of Lord Vishnu (or Lord Krishna), and his consort Rukmini.
It holds a significant place in the Vaishnavite tradition as one of the 108 Abhimana Kshethrams (holy shrines).
Foundation: The temple was originally constructed by King Vishnuvardhana of the Hoysala Empire between 1108 and 1152 CE. The king was influenced by Pundalik, a famous devotee of Lord Krishna, to build the shrine.
Inscriptions: An inscription from 1237 CE by Hoysala King Vira Someshwara grants the temple a village for its maintenance.
Architecture: The temple was built following the Hemadpanti style of architecture in the second half of the 13th century, but it was destroyed during invader attacks.
The current structure, rebuilt in the 17th century, was influenced by the Deccan style of architecture, featuring dome motifs and lobed arches, and was contributed to by the Peshwas of Pune, the Shindes of Gwalior, and the Holkars of Indore.
Language Row: A Marathi-Hindi language dispute has emerged at the temple recently. This conflict highlights the growing tension over the use of regional languages in religious and cultural spaces, with some stakeholders pushing for Marathi to be the primary language of worship and administration, while others advocate for Hindi.
The Vitthal Rukhmini Temple gained national recognition in 2014 when it became the first shrine in India to allow women from backward categories to serve as priests, breaking traditional barriers and promoting inclusivity in religious practices.
The Vitthal Rukhmini Temple continues to be a central figure in Maharashtra's religious and cultural life, with millions of devotees visiting every year.
The controversy around the Marathi-Hindi language issue reflects the broader socio-political dynamics of the state, emphasizing the importance of language in shaping regional identity.
New Water Body Formation: A water body resembling a lake has formed on the Bhagirathi River near Harsil after a cloudburst in Uttarkashi district, Uttarakhand. The formation stretches over a kilometer and has prompted local authorities to initiate urgent drainage operations to prevent further disruption or damage.
Location: The Bhagirathi River is a turbulent Himalayan river in the state of Uttarakhand, one of the primary headstreams of the Ganges River. It holds a prominent place in both hydrological and mythological contexts.
Mythological Significance: In Hindu mythology, the Bhagirathi is considered the source stream of the Ganges, named after King Bhagirath, who is believed to have brought the river down to Earth.
Hydrological Significance: While mythologically significant, in hydrology, it is the Alaknanda River that is regarded as the actual source of the Ganges, given its longer flow and larger contribution.
Origin: The Bhagirathi originates from the Gaumukh Glacier at the base of the Khatling and Gangotri Glaciers in the Garhwal Himalayas. The river is born from the melting of ice at the glacier's edge.
Flow Path:
It travels through the Tehri Garhwal district, including the towns of Uttarkashi and Tehri, where it faces cliffs, rapids, and waterfalls.
It is joined by several tributaries, including the Kedar Ganga, Jadh Ganga, Kakora Gad, Jalandari Gad, Siyan Gad, Asi Ganga, and Bhilangana.
Confluence: The Bhagirathi meets the Alaknanda River at Devprayag, and together, they form the Ganges River, which then flows towards the Bay of Bengal.
Maneri Dam
Koteshwar Dam
Tehri Dam
These dams play a crucial role in controlling the river's flow, providing irrigation, and generating hydroelectric power.
The confluence of the Bhagirathi and Alaknanda rivers at Devprayag is one of the holiest sites in Hinduism, marking the origin of the Ganges River.
Panch Prayag Yatra: This confluence is an integral part of the Panch Prayag Yatra, which includes visiting five sacred confluences in Uttarakhand:
Devprayag
Rudraprayag
Nandprayag
Karnaprayag
Vishnuprayag
The banks of the Bhagirathi are dotted with sacred cities like Gangotri, which is the source of the river and one of the Char Dham pilgrimage sites.
The formation of the water body near Harsil after the cloudburst has raised concerns regarding potential disruptions to the delicate ecology and infrastructure around the river.
Pfizer has recently launched its next-generation 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV20) in India. This vaccine offers protection against 20 serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae, the bacterium responsible for causing most cases of pneumococcal disease.
Pneumococcal disease refers to a range of infections caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae, commonly known as pneumococcus. These infections can affect different parts of the body and range from mild to severe. They include:
Ear infections (Otitis media)
Pneumonia
Meningitis
Infections of the bloodstream (bacteremia)
Cause: The disease is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, an encapsulated bacterium with a polysaccharide capsule, a critical factor in its ability to cause disease.
Serotypes: Over 90 distinct pneumococcal serotypes have been identified. However, a small number of these serotypes are responsible for most cases of pneumococcal infections.
Transmission: The bacterium spreads through direct contact with respiratory secretions from infected individuals or healthy carriers.
Global Impact: Pneumococcal disease is a significant public health issue worldwide, particularly in the developing world, where young children and the elderly are most vulnerable. One million children are estimated to die from pneumococcal disease each year.
Ear Infections: These are the most common and least severe manifestation but can lead to complications.
Pneumonia: This is one of the more severe forms, leading to respiratory distress and even death if untreated.
Meningitis: A life-threatening infection of the brain and spinal cord membranes, leading to severe complications such as brain damage, hearing loss, or even death.
Bacteremia: A severe infection of the bloodstream that can cause widespread organ damage or failure.
Treatment: Pneumococcal infections are typically treated with antibiotics, although antimicrobial resistance is becoming an increasing concern, especially with the rise of resistant strains.
Vaccination: Vaccines are a crucial preventive tool, particularly in young children and older adults, who are at higher risk. Vaccines can significantly reduce the risk of severe infections and deaths from pneumococcal disease.
The PCV20 is a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine that provides protection against 20 different serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae. These serotypes are responsible for the majority of pneumococcal infections.
Target Groups: The vaccine is particularly important for adults, as pneumococcal infections are more severe in older populations.
Vaccine Benefits: By including more serotypes than earlier versions of the vaccine, PCV20 offers broader protection, reducing the overall risk of infections and their complications in vaccinated populations.
Antimicrobial Resistance: Pneumococcal bacteria are increasingly resistant to multiple antibiotics, making treatment more difficult and emphasizing the need for vaccination as a preventive measure.
Global Health Disparities: Pneumococcal disease continues to be a major health burden in developing countries where access to vaccines and healthcare services may be limited.
In summary, the PCV20 vaccine introduced by Pfizer is an essential development in the fight against pneumococcal disease, offering broader protection for adults and helping reduce the impact of this serious health problem. Vaccination, along with antibiotics for treatment, plays a crucial role in controlling this disease globally
Pfizer has recently launched its next-generation 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV20) in India. This vaccine offers protection against 20 serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae, the bacterium responsible for causing most cases of pneumococcal disease.
Pneumococcal disease refers to a range of infections caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae, commonly known as pneumococcus. These infections can affect different parts of the body and range from mild to severe. They include:
Ear infections (Otitis media)
Pneumonia
Meningitis
Infections of the bloodstream (bacteremia)
Cause: The disease is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, an encapsulated bacterium with a polysaccharide capsule, a critical factor in its ability to cause disease.
Serotypes: Over 90 distinct pneumococcal serotypes have been identified. However, a small number of these serotypes are responsible for most cases of pneumococcal infections.
Transmission: The bacterium spreads through direct contact with respiratory secretions from infected individuals or healthy carriers.
Global Impact: Pneumococcal disease is a significant public health issue worldwide, particularly in the developing world, where young children and the elderly are most vulnerable. One million children are estimated to die from pneumococcal disease each year.
Ear Infections: These are the most common and least severe manifestation but can lead to complications.
Pneumonia: This is one of the more severe forms, leading to respiratory distress and even death if untreated.
Meningitis: A life-threatening infection of the brain and spinal cord membranes, leading to severe complications such as brain damage, hearing loss, or even death.
Bacteremia: A severe infection of the bloodstream that can cause widespread organ damage or failure.
Treatment: Pneumococcal infections are typically treated with antibiotics, although antimicrobial resistance is becoming an increasing concern, especially with the rise of resistant strains.
Vaccination: Vaccines are a crucial preventive tool, particularly in young children and older adults, who are at higher risk. Vaccines can significantly reduce the risk of severe infections and deaths from pneumococcal disease.
The PCV20 is a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine that provides protection against 20 different serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae. These serotypes are responsible for the majority of pneumococcal infections.
Target Groups: The vaccine is particularly important for adults, as pneumococcal infections are more severe in older populations.
Vaccine Benefits: By including more serotypes than earlier versions of the vaccine, PCV20 offers broader protection, reducing the overall risk of infections and their complications in vaccinated populations.
Antimicrobial Resistance: Pneumococcal bacteria are increasingly resistant to multiple antibiotics, making treatment more difficult and emphasizing the need for vaccination as a preventive measure.
Global Health Disparities: Pneumococcal disease continues to be a major health burden in developing countries where access to vaccines and healthcare services may be limited.
In summary, the PCV20 vaccine introduced by Pfizer is an essential development in the fight against pneumococcal disease, offering broader protection for adults and helping reduce the impact of this serious health problem. Vaccination, along with antibiotics for treatment, plays a crucial role in controlling this disease globally
The Chandigarh Administration recently took action by closing the floodgate at Sukhna Lake early in the morning after the water levels receded, following a period of increased rainfall.
Sukhna Lake is an artificial lake located in Chandigarh, nestled at the foothills of the Shivalik Hills. The lake is not only a major tourist spot but also an ecological asset to the region.
Creation: The lake was created in 1958 by damming the Sukhna Choe, a seasonal stream that flows down from the Shivalik Hills.
Size: Spanning 3 sq. km., the lake has dimensions of 1.52 km in length and 1.49 km in width.
Depth: Originally, the lake had a depth of 18 feet, but over time, due to heavy silt deposits, the depth reduced to around 8 feet 6 inches. This has also affected its water-spread area, which now covers about 1.5 sq. km.
National Wetland: Sukhna Lake is designated as a National Wetland by the Government of India, underscoring its ecological significance.
Biodiversity: The lake serves as a haven for migratory birds, especially during the winter months. It hosts around 30 species, including Siberian ducks, storks, and cranes.
Wildlife Sanctuary: The lake is part of the Sukhna Wildlife Sanctuary, contributing to the conservation of local flora and fauna.
Sports and Recreation: Sukhna Lake has the longest channel in Asia for rowing and yachting events, making it a popular destination for water sports.
Tourism: The lake is surrounded by attractions like the Nek Chand Rock Garden, a renowned art park, and a golf course along its southern edge, making it a key spot for both leisure and tourism in Chandigarh.
Given the fluctuating water levels, the recent decision to close the floodgates was taken to manage water levels effectively and prevent any damage caused by overflows, especially after the monsoon season. The situation was closely monitored to ensure there were no adverse effects on the ecosystem or the nearby population.
Location: Chandigarh, at the foothills of the Shivalik Hills.
Area: 3 sq.km.
Primary Purpose: Water sports, wildlife sanctuary, and a popular tourist site.
Environmental Significance: Part of the National Wetland and a key habitat for migratory birds.
The Supreme Court of India has agreed to hear a series of petitions challenging the practice of Talaq-e-Hasan as unconstitutional. The petitions have raised concerns about whether this form of divorce, which is a traditional practice in Islam, violates the rights of women and whether it should be reconsidered under the Indian legal framework.
Talaq-e-Hasan is a form of extrajudicial divorce in Islamic law that is primarily practiced by men. Here are the key details:
Revocable Divorce: Unlike the triple talaq, Talaq-e-Hasan is a revocable form of divorce. This means that the divorce can be revoked if the couple reconciles during the period of abstinence.
Pronunciation of Talaq: In this practice, a man pronounces the word "talaq" on his wife in three stages, each spaced by a one-month gap. This means there are three separate pronouncements of talaq, and each pronouncement is followed by a waiting period known as iddat.
Iddat Period: The period between the talaq pronouncements is known as the iddat period, which lasts 90 days. During this period, the wife must observe abstinence, and if the couple reconciles during this time, the divorce is considered revoked. If the couple resumes cohabitation, the divorce is nullified.
Approval in Islamic Law: Talaq-e-Hasan is considered to be a traditional form of divorce that is approved by Prophet Muhammad and is valid across all schools of Muslim law.
Triple Talaq (Talaq-e-Biddat): In Talaq-e-Biddat, also known as triple talaq, a man can divorce his wife by pronouncing "talaq" three times in one go. This divorce is instant and irrevocable, without any waiting period.
Talaq-e-Hasan: Unlike triple talaq, Talaq-e-Hasan involves three separate pronouncements of talaq over a span of several months, with a waiting period in between. This waiting period allows for the possibility of reconciliation between the couple.
Triple Talaq Ban (2019): The Indian government passed a law in 2019 banning triple talaq, calling it unconstitutional and discriminatory towards women. This move aimed at protecting the rights of Muslim women who were subjected to the instant and irrevocable divorce.
Current Legal Challenge: With the Supreme Court now agreeing to hear petitions challenging Talaq-e-Hasan, the case may pave the way for re-evaluating whether such practices violate the principles of equality and fairness, especially in light of the triple talaq ban.
Women's Rights: Critics argue that Talaq-e-Hasan still leaves women vulnerable, as it allows a man to divorce his wife without her consent, even though the divorce is revocable.
Constitutionality: The core issue is whether this practice is in violation of the Constitution of India, particularly regarding equality before the law and the protection of women’s rights.
Legal Reform: The case could lead to significant legal reforms in the way Islamic divorce practices are perceived and regulated in India, potentially redefining the relationship between personal laws and constitutional rights.
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We provide offline, online and recorded lectures in the same amount.
Every aspirant is unique and the mentoring is customised according to the strengths and weaknesses of the aspirant.
In every Lecture. Director Sir will provide conceptual understanding with around 800 Mindmaps.
We provide you the best and Comprehensive content which comes directly or indirectly in UPSC Exam.
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