India has recently pitched the Akash Missile System for export to Brazil, highlighting the growing global interest in India's indigenous defense technologies. The discussions took place during a meeting between India's Defence Minister and Brazilian Vice-President Geraldo Alckmin in New Delhi. This move aligns with India's efforts to expand its defense exports and strengthen strategic ties with nations around the world, particularly in areas related to air defense capabilities.
The Akash Missile System is an advanced, short-range surface-to-air missile (SAM) system designed to offer defense against aerial threats. These threats can range from fighter aircraft and cruise missiles to drones and helicopters. It is an important component of India’s air defense infrastructure, serving both the Indian Air Force (IAF) and the Indian Army.
Design and Development:
The Akash Missile System was indigenously developed by India's Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).
It is manufactured by Bharat Dynamics Ltd. (BDL), based in Hyderabad.
Role and Purpose:
The missile system is primarily designed to protect vulnerable areas, assets, and strategic points from a wide range of aerial threats, including hostile aircraft, missiles, and drones.
It provides an essential layer of air defense in complex battle environments.
Components:
The system comprises several components:
Launcher for missile deployment.
Missile itself.
Control center for monitoring and management.
Mission guidance system and radar.
Command, control, communication, and intelligence (C4I) centers for coordination.
Missile Specifications:
Length: 5.87 meters
Diameter: 350 millimeters
Weight: 710 kilograms
Speed: Capable of reaching speeds between Mach 2.5 to Mach 3.5 (approximately 4,200 km/h).
Range: It has a strike range between 4.5 km to 25 km, and can engage targets flying at altitudes ranging from 100 meters to 20 kilometers.
Operational Modes:
The system can engage multiple targets simultaneously, either in Group Mode or Autonomous Mode.
It has the ability to fire multiple missiles at once, making it an effective and reliable defense solution.
Radar and Tracking:
The missile system uses Rajendra radar, a sophisticated multifunctional radar that can track numerous targets simultaneously and guide multiple missiles at once.
The radar enables the Akash system to lock onto and engage multiple threats at the same time, maximizing its kill probability.
Kill Probability:
The missile system boasts a 99% kill probability when firing two missiles in a salvo, making it an extremely effective weapon in neutralizing airborne threats.
Mobility:
The Akash system is designed to be fully mobile, allowing it to be deployed across diverse terrains, enhancing its versatility and responsiveness in field operations.
Electronic Countermeasures:
The system is equipped with electronic countermeasures to protect itself against enemy jamming and interference, ensuring its operational effectiveness even in contested environments.
Strategic Importance: The Akash system enhances India’s air defense capabilities and serves as a versatile solution for protecting critical infrastructure and military assets against airstrikes.
Export Potential: India's effort to pitch the Akash missile to countries like Brazil reflects the growing recognition of India's defense capabilities. It positions India as a major player in the global defense export market, particularly in the field of air defense.
Indigenous Production: The Akash system showcases India’s progress in self-reliant defense technologies, particularly under initiatives like Atmanirbhar Bharat (Self-Reliant India), which aims to reduce dependence on foreign arms suppliers.
Recent research has indicated that Taftan Volcano, located in southeastern Iran, might be awakening after being dormant for nearly 700,000 years.
Location:
Taftan is a semi-active stratovolcano located in the southeastern part of Iran, near the Pakistan border (approximately 56 km away).
It is situated within the Makran continental volcanic arc, an area formed by the subduction of the Arabian ocean crust beneath the Eurasian continent.
Elevation:
The volcano rises to an impressive 12,927 feet (3,940 meters), making it one of the highest peaks in the region.
Volcanic Features:
Stratovolcano: Taftan is a stratovolcano, which is known for its steep, cone-shaped profile and explosive eruptions.
Hydrothermal Activity: The volcano features an active hydrothermal system, with sulfur-emitting fumaroles (smelly gas vents) around the site.
Summits: Taftan has two summits, namely Narkuh and Matherkuh.
Historical Activity:
Despite its activity, Taftan has not erupted in recorded human history.
However, its geological activity and potential for future eruptions remain a subject of ongoing study.
Formation:
A stratovolcano (also known as a composite volcano) is a tall, steep, cone-shaped volcano built up by layers of lava and pyroclastic material (such as volcanic ash, tephra, and pumice).
They are typically located above subduction zones, where one tectonic plate is forced beneath another, creating volcanic activity.
Eruptions:
Stratovolcanoes are known for their explosive eruptions. This is because the lava they produce is often viscous, meaning it doesn’t flow easily. This leads to the buildup of gas pressure, which can cause violent explosions when released.
Unlike shield volcanoes, which are low and broad, stratovolcanoes are characterized by their higher peaks and steep slopes.
Geological Significance:
Stratovolcanoes make up around 60% of the Earth's individual volcanoes.
They are often found in volcanically active regions, such as the Ring of Fire, which encircles much of the Pacific Ocean.
Eruptive Material:
The eruptions of stratovolcanoes typically involve a mixture of lava (usually andesite or dacite) and pyroclastic materials.
The layering of these materials is responsible for the iconic cone-shaped profile of stratovolcanoes.
Airspace Violation: Recently, three Russian MiG-31 fighter jets violated the airspace of NATO member Estonia over the Gulf of Finland. The jets remained in Estonian airspace for 12 minutes, raising concerns among NATO allies.
MiG-31: The MiG-31 is a supersonic interceptor aircraft, primarily used by the Russian Air Force for air defense and long-range intercept missions. These types of incidents involving airspace violations are often seen as a show of military power and can increase tensions between countries, especially in sensitive regions like the Baltic.
Geographical Location:
The Gulf of Finland is the easternmost part of the Baltic Sea, located in Northern Europe. It plays a significant strategic and geopolitical role, connecting various countries and cities in the region.
Physical Characteristics:
Area: The Gulf covers an area of 30,000 square kilometers.
Dimensions: The gulf is about 400 km long (east to west) but only between 19 to 130 km wide (north to south).
It is relatively shallow, with an average depth of 38 meters.
Borders:
Finland is to the north, Russia to the east, and Estonia to the south.
The city of St. Petersburg, a major Russian port, is located at the very eastern end of the gulf, making it a crucial area for both trade and military considerations.
Major cities like Helsinki (Finland) and Tallinn (Estonia) are located on its shores, giving the gulf significant economic and political importance.
Climate:
The gulf experiences a humid continental climate, characterized by hot summers and harsh winters.
The water of the gulf has a low salinity (around six parts per thousand), and during winter months, the gulf can freeze over for three to five months.
Hydrology:
The gulf receives several important water bodies:
The Neva River, which flows from Lake Ladoga into the Gulf.
The Narva River, which forms part of the border between Estonia and Russia.
The Saimaa Canal, connecting the Saimaa Lake in Finland to the Gulf of Finland.
Islands & Skerries:
The Gulf of Finland is home to a large number of islands and skerries (small rocky islands). Some of the largest include:
Kotlin Island, which houses the Russian city of Kronstadt (with a population of 42,800).
Beryozovye Islands.
Lisiy Island, Maly Vysotsky Island, and others.
Geopolitical Significance:
The Gulf of Finland is not only a key shipping route for international trade but also a region of military importance. The strategic positioning of key cities like St. Petersburg, Helsinki, and Tallinn means the Gulf is often a focal point for military activities, both from Russia and NATO members like Estonia and Finland.
The airspace violation by Russian jets over the Gulf of Finland highlights the tense relations and military posturing that often occurs in this region, especially considering NATO's presence in Estonia and Finland’s proximity to Russia.
Environmental Conditions:
The low salinity and the shallow nature of the Gulf make it a unique ecosystem, but it also poses challenges for navigation, especially during the winter freeze. The freezing of the Gulf during winter can significantly impact both military operations and trade routes.
The Terminally Ill Adults (End of Life) Bill passed by the UK’s House of Commons in June 2025, which allows passive euthanasia, has once again brought the global debate on the right to die with dignity into focus. In India, while passive euthanasia has been recognized through Supreme Court rulings, its implementation remains a significant challenge, highlighting the need for reforms that uphold the constitutional promise of dignity in death.
Euthanasia (or “mercy killing”) refers to the act of intentionally hastening a person’s death to alleviate suffering caused by incurable or terminal illnesses. There are two primary types of euthanasia:
Active Euthanasia: Directly causing a patient’s death, often through a lethal injection. This can be:
Voluntary: The patient consciously chooses to die.
Non-voluntary: The decision is made for an incompetent patient.
Involuntary: The patient’s consent is not obtained.
Passive Euthanasia: Withdrawing or withholding life-sustaining treatment (such as ventilators, feeding tubes, etc.) in cases where there is no chance of recovery, thereby allowing death to occur naturally.
Active Euthanasia:
Illegal: Active euthanasia is not permitted in India. Under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023, acts of euthanasia committed with the intent to cause death are categorized as culpable homicide or murder under Sections 100 and 101.
Passive Euthanasia:
Legal Recognition: Passive euthanasia is allowed under Indian law in specific circumstances.
Aruna Shanbaug v. Union of India (2011): The Supreme Court ruled that life-sustaining treatment can be legally withheld or withdrawn from terminally ill patients, even if they lack decision-making capacity.
Common Cause v. Union of India (2018): The SC recognized the right to die with dignity as a fundamental right under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution. It legalized advance medical directives (living wills) that specify conditions under which treatment may be withdrawn.
Supreme Court Guidelines (2023):
Living Wills / Advance Directives: A competent adult can draft a living will to express their wishes regarding life-sustaining treatment. The living will must be signed by the executor in the presence of two witnesses.
Medical Board Approval: The patient’s wishes must be confirmed by two medical boards, which must communicate their decision within 48 hours.
High Court Oversight: If a hospital refuses permission, the patient’s family can approach the High Court, which will form a fresh medical board to review the case.
While passive euthanasia is accepted in several countries, nations like the Netherlands and Belgium have gone further by legalizing active euthanasia under strict safeguards. This includes regulations to ensure that the decision to end life is voluntary and well-informed. However, passive euthanasia remains the more widely accepted form of euthanasia in most parts of the world.
Autonomy (Self-Determination):
The ethical principle of autonomy asserts that individuals should have the right to make informed choices about their life and death. This principle supports passive euthanasia, as terminally ill patients should have the right to refuse life-prolonging treatment.
Beneficence (Acting in Patient’s Best Interest):
Medical actions should aim to relieve suffering. Passive euthanasia aligns with this principle by removing futile and burdensome treatments, allowing for a natural and peaceful death.
Justice (Fairness and Equity):
The principle of justice advocates for equitable access to palliative care and legal safeguards. It is essential to protect vulnerable patients from coercion into euthanasia due to financial or social pressures.
Despite legal recognition, passive euthanasia faces significant challenges in India:
Bureaucratic Delays:
The 2018 guidelines for euthanasia aim to streamline the process but remain ineffective due to bureaucratic delays. The multi-tier approval process causes unnecessary suffering for terminally ill patients, contravening the constitutional promise of dignity in death.
Practical Inaccessibility:
Families and healthcare professionals often bypass formal legal processes due to their complexity. This results in informal decisions, leaving medical professionals vulnerable to legal action.
Low Awareness:
Many patients, families, and healthcare professionals are unaware of living wills or advance directives, limiting their practical use and availability for patients seeking passive euthanasia.
Cultural and Societal Concerns:
Euthanasia often faces moral opposition in India due to the cultural and religious views on the sanctity of life, with some considering euthanasia akin to murder.
Fragmented Healthcare System:
India’s uneven healthcare infrastructure, along with the lack of trained personnel and hospital-level ethics committees, makes it difficult to implement euthanasia fairly and efficiently.
Digitisation of Advance Directives:
Create a National Euthanasia Portal linked with Aadhaar to facilitate easy registration, updating, and revocation of living wills. Doctors could also validate mental capacity online, reducing paperwork and delays.
Hospital-Level Ethics Committees:
Establish ethics committees in hospitals comprising senior physicians, palliative care specialists, and an independent member. These committees should be empowered to authorize the withdrawal of life support within 48 hours, decentralizing decision-making.
Transparent Oversight:
Replace the current single-state ombudsman model with digital dashboards or state-level health commissioners to monitor euthanasia cases. Periodic audits and public reporting can build trust and prevent misuse.
Mandatory Safeguards:
Introduce safeguards such as a 7-day cooling-off period, psychological counseling, and a review of palliative care options before approving the withdrawal of treatment. This ensures that vulnerable populations (elderly, disabled, and financially dependent individuals) are protected from coercion.
Capacity Building & Awareness:
Integrate end-of-life care ethics and legal training into medical and nursing curricula. Public awareness campaigns should be conducted to normalize living wills, advance care planning, and palliative care options.
Streamlined Procedures:
Simplify the approval process while maintaining essential safeguards to ensure timely relief for terminally ill patients.
Reforming the framework for passive euthanasia in India is essential to align the law with the constitutional commitment to dignity in death. By addressing the bureaucratic delays, improving awareness, and introducing systemic reforms, India can bridge the gap between legal recognition and practical access to euthanasia, ensuring that terminally ill patients have the right to die with dignity.
The Public Trust Doctrine has recently been reaffirmed by the Supreme Court of India, which expanded its scope to include man-made or artificial waterbodies that serve ecological or environmental purposes. This extension reflects a growing recognition of the need to protect resources critical to the public good, whether natural or human-made.
The Public Trust Doctrine is a legal principle asserting that certain natural and cultural resources must be preserved for the public’s use and enjoyment. This doctrine recognizes the importance of resources that are critical for ecological health and human survival and places them beyond the reach of private ownership or exploitation.
Public Ownership:
Resources like rivers, lakes, tidal waters, and wetlands are considered public property, and the government holds them in trust for the public’s benefit.
Government Responsibility:
The government is obligated to safeguard and preserve these resources, ensuring that they are used in ways that benefit the public, rather than being appropriated for personal or industrial use.
Usage Restrictions:
The public trust requires that these resources:
Be used for public purposes.
Be accessible for public use (not for private ownership or exclusion).
Cannot be sold or transferred, even for fair compensation.
In a landmark ruling, the Supreme Court of India recently emphasized that the Public Trust Doctrine is not limited to natural waterbodies but extends to man-made or artificial waterbodies that have ecological or environmental significance.
Ecological & Environmental Impact: Many artificial waterbodies, like reservoirs, ponds, and water tanks, play a crucial role in maintaining the ecological balance by storing water, supporting biodiversity, and helping in flood control.
Urban Water Management: With the rapid urbanization of India, many cities rely on artificial waterbodies for drinking water supply and sewage treatment. These resources must be protected from unsustainable urban development, pollution, and encroachment.
Holistic Environmental Protection: By extending the doctrine to man-made waterbodies, the Supreme Court has taken a more comprehensive approach to environmental preservation, recognizing the critical role of both natural and human-created ecosystems in sustaining public welfare.
Roman Law:
The doctrine has its origins in Roman law, which asserted that certain resources, such as public waterways, were owned by the state and held in trust for the public’s benefit.
English Common Law:
In the English legal system, this idea evolved, where tidal waters and the foreshore (the land between high and low tide) were considered public property.
Modern Legal Framework:
The doctrine was incorporated into modern environmental law, especially in the United States, and has since spread to other countries, including India, where it has been used to preserve waterbodies, forests, and other natural resources essential to the public’s well-being.
The Supreme Court's decision to expand the Public Trust Doctrine to include artificial waterbodies aligns with India’s growing commitment to environmental sustainability. The Court emphasized that the government should protect ecologically sensitive areas—whether natural or man-made—from exploitation and mismanagement.
Natural Waterbodies: Rivers, lakes, and wetlands.
Artificial Waterbodies: Reservoirs, ponds, water tanks, and other water storage systems with ecological or environmental functions.
The Court has also highlighted the need for government accountability in ensuring that these resources are used sustainably and not exploited for private or commercial purposes.
The Public Trust Doctrine imposes several key restrictions on the government’s authority over public resources:
Public Use:
Resources held under public trust must be used for public purposes and be accessible for public use.
Non-Sale:
These resources cannot be sold or transferred, even in exchange for financial compensation, ensuring that public resources remain protected for future generations.
Preservation:
The resources must be maintained for their ecological or environmental role, preventing degradation or exploitation that would compromise their utility to the public.
The Supreme Court’s recent expansion of the doctrine’s scope to man-made waterbodies carries several implications for India’s legal and environmental landscape:
Stronger Legal Framework for Water Protection:
The ruling will help in securing the protection of man-made waterbodies that play vital roles in both urban and rural areas by providing clean water and supporting biodiversity.
Encouragement of Ecological Restoration:
There may be a greater emphasis on restoring and protecting waterbodies that have been subject to neglect or pollution, ensuring that these resources continue to serve ecological functions.
Increased Accountability for Government:
The ruling places a legal responsibility on the government to ensure sustainable management and conservation of these water resources, possibly resulting in stronger environmental oversight and regulation.
Impact on Urban Development:
As cities face increasing pressure on water resources, the expansion of the doctrine could serve as a check on unchecked urbanization that harms important waterbodies, ensuring that urban development does not undermine the public’s right to clean water.
The Public Trust Doctrine is a powerful legal tool to ensure that critical resources—both natural and man-made—are preserved for public use and enjoyment. The Supreme Court’s recent decision to include artificial waterbodies within the scope of this doctrine is a progressive step towards holistic environmental protection and sustainable resource management. It emphasizes the need for the government to safeguard resources that are integral to the public’s well-being, and it aligns with broader efforts to promote environmental justice and sustainable development.
The New York State Department of Health has confirmed the first locally acquired case of chikungunya in the United States in over six years.
Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne viral disease caused by the chikungunya virus (CHIKV). The virus is primarily spread by infected Aedes mosquitoes, particularly Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, which are also vectors for other viruses like dengue and Zika.
First Described: The disease was first identified during an outbreak in Tanzania in 1952.
Global Spread: Since then, it has spread to more than 110 countries across Asia, Africa, the Americas, and Europe.
Etymology: The term “chikungunya” comes from the Kimakonde language of southern Tanzania, meaning "that which bends up," which refers to the stooped posture of those suffering from the severe joint pain associated with the disease.
Mosquito Vectors: The disease is transmitted through the bite of infected female mosquitoes. The primary vectors are:
Aedes aegypti (also transmits dengue and Zika).
Aedes albopictus (known as the Asian tiger mosquito).
Non-Contagious: Chikungunya is not transmitted directly from person to person. It is vector-borne, meaning the virus is spread when a mosquito bites an infected person and then bites another individual.
Incubation Period: The incubation period is typically 2 to 12 days, with symptoms generally appearing 4-8 days after the mosquito bite.
Common symptoms of chikungunya infection include:
Fever: An abrupt onset of high fever.
Joint Pain: Severe pain, especially in the small joints of the hands, wrists, and feet. This is often the hallmark symptom and can cause long-term joint issues.
Muscle Pain: Generalized body aches and pain.
Headache: Often accompanies the fever.
Fatigue: Patients may feel extremely tired and weak.
Rash: A rash may appear, typically on the face and limbs.
In most cases, symptoms resolve within a few days to a week, but joint pain can persist for months or even years in some cases, leading to long-term disability.
Severe complications are rare, but can occur, especially in vulnerable populations like older adults and children under one year old. In these rare cases, the disease can sometimes lead to death.
Currently, there is no vaccine or antiviral treatment available for chikungunya.
Symptom Relief: Treatment is aimed at relieving symptoms, particularly the fever and joint pain. Common treatments include:
Pain relievers: Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or other anti-inflammatory medications.
Hydration: Ensuring proper fluid intake to avoid dehydration.
Rest: Patients are advised to rest and manage joint pain through supportive measures such as joint protection and physical therapy.
No Specific Cure: There is no cure, and the body generally fights off the infection on its own.
Widespread in Tropical and Subtropical Regions: The virus is most commonly found in regions with tropical and subtropical climates, where the Aedes mosquitoes are abundant.
Recent Outbreaks: Chikungunya has caused large-scale outbreaks in places like:
India (several outbreaks since 2005).
Caribbean (2013-2014).
South-East Asia.
Parts of Africa and Central America.
US Concerns: The recent locally acquired case in the United States (in New York) highlights the potential for the disease to spread to new areas due to the expansion of Aedes mosquitoes as a result of climate change and global travel.
Mosquito Control: The primary prevention measure is to control mosquito populations and reduce mosquito bites.
Use of mosquito repellents and insecticides.
Eliminating breeding grounds by removing standing water around homes.
Use of mosquito nets and wearing long-sleeved clothing in endemic areas.
Public Health Measures: Governments and health authorities often implement mosquito control programs during outbreaks, which include measures like fogging and spraying in affected areas.
Chikungunya continues to be a significant public health concern, especially in tropical regions. While not usually fatal, the long-term joint pain it causes can lead to chronic conditions and disability, particularly in vulnerable populations. The confirmation of a locally acquired case in New York further highlights the growing global spread of Aedes mosquitoes and the need for enhanced mosquito control measures worldwide.
India's passport has dropped to the 85th rank in the Henley Passport Index 2025, falling five places compared to the previous year..
The Henley Passport Index is a globally recognized ranking system that measures the strength of passports based on the visa-free access their holders have to different countries. It is widely regarded as a key indicator of global mobility and diplomatic relationships between nations.
Established: In 2006, originally known as the Henley & Partners Visa Restrictions Index (HVRI).
Methodology: The rankings are based on data from the International Air Transport Association (IATA), which tracks visa-free access to over 227 destinations by citizens of 199 countries.
Criteria: The number of destinations a passport holder can enter without requiring a visa is the primary metric used in the ranking. Stronger passports allow easier travel and are often a reflection of economic stability, diplomatic ties, and international trust.
Top-Ranked Countries:
Singapore holds the #1 spot with visa-free access to 193 destinations.
South Korea follows closely with 190 destinations.
Japan is ranked 3rd, with access to 189 destinations.
European Powerhouses:
Several European countries share ranks just below the top three:
Germany, Italy, Spain, Luxembourg, and Switzerland all have access to 188–189 countries.
The United States:
The US has dropped out of the top 10 for the first time in two decades, now holding the 12th position with access to 180 destinations.
Afghanistan:
Afghanistan continues to hold the lowest rank at 106th with access to only 24–26 destinations, reflecting the ongoing challenges in international relations and security.
India’s passport ranks 85th in the Henley Passport Index 2025, down by five spots from the previous year. This represents a notable decline in its relative standing, highlighting challenges in global mobility for Indian passport holders.
Visa-Free Access: Indian passport holders can travel to around 60–65 destinations without requiring a prior visa. While this is a decent level of access, it is considerably lower than that of leading countries like Singapore, Japan, and several European nations.
Diplomatic and Economic Ties: A strong passport typically indicates strong diplomatic relations, economic stability, and global trust. Conversely, a lower-ranking passport often reflects geopolitical challenges or limited international cooperation.
Travel and Mobility: The index is often used by travelers, businesses, and governments to gauge how easy it is for individuals from different countries to move freely across the globe. A strong passport facilitates business opportunities, tourism, and international relations.
The slip in India’s rank could be attributed to a variety of factors, including diplomatic relations, visa restrictions, and possibly even the evolving global political climate. While India still enjoys relatively favorable access to many countries, the drop underscores the need for enhanced diplomatic engagement and economic cooperation to bolster its global standing.
India’s lower position in the index can have practical consequences for Indian citizens seeking to travel for business, education, or tourism. It also affects perceptions of India’s global influence in the context of mobility and international relations.
While India’s passport continues to provide significant access to global destinations, its drop in rank on the Henley Passport Index 2025 highlights the shifting dynamics of global diplomacy and mobility. The ranking serves as an important reflection of a country’s international standing and the ease of travel its citizens enjoy. As global mobility continues to evolve, India will likely need to strengthen its diplomatic ties and international policies to reclaim its position and improve passport strength for its citizens
The Chhattisgarh government has successfully reintroduced the blackbuck into the state’s forests as part of a five-year reintroduction plan. This initiative is part of broader conservation efforts to restore the natural habitat and population of the species.
Scientific Name: Antilope cervicapra
Native Regions: Blackbucks are native to India and Nepal.
They are found in open grasslands, dry scrub areas, and thinly forested regions. They are widely distributed across India, particularly in states like Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Odisha, and others.
State Animal Designation: The blackbuck is the state animal of Punjab, Haryana, and Andhra Pradesh.
Size and Shape: A medium-sized antelope, the blackbuck is known for its graceful appearance and distinct spiraling horns. Only male blackbucks have these horns, which can grow over 20 inches long.
Coloration:
Male Blackbucks: Dark brown or black on the back and sides, with white bellies, inner legs, and eye rings, creating a striking contrast.
Female and Young Males: They are typically yellowish-brown, lighter in color compared to the males.
Speed and Vision: Blackbucks are known for their exceptional speed and vision. They can run at speeds of up to 50 miles per hour, which is one of their primary defense mechanisms against predators.
Social Behavior: They are gregarious animals, typically forming herds of 5 to 50 individuals. These herds offer them protection against threats.
IUCN Red List: The blackbuck is classified as 'Least Concern'. Although their numbers are stable, conservation efforts are still important, especially due to habitat loss and poaching in certain areas.
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We provide offline, online and recorded lectures in the same amount.
Every aspirant is unique and the mentoring is customised according to the strengths and weaknesses of the aspirant.
In every Lecture. Director Sir will provide conceptual understanding with around 800 Mindmaps.
We provide you the best and Comprehensive content which comes directly or indirectly in UPSC Exam.
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