BACKGROUND: While the Kashmir region,

• Impact of Article 370 Abrogation: Abrogation has reduced support for separatism in Kashmir, pushing terrorists towards Poonch-Rajouri.
• Troop Redeployment Concerns: Shifting troops to other sectors, like Ladakh, might weaken optimal deployment in Poonch-Rajouri. HQ Northern Command needs to balance redeployment with ensuring adequate security in the sector.

Key points

Shift in Terrorist Activity:

• Recent attacks in Poonch-Rajouri suggest terrorists are targeting this sector due to increased security in Kashmir.
• Dilution of local support and strategic changes after Article 370 abrogation contribute to this shift.

Concerns for the Indian Army:

• Recent encounter losses highlight potential gaps in current counter-terrorism strategies.
• Redeployment of formations raises questions about optimizing troop deployment in the sector.

Key Challenges:

• Effectiveness of current strategies needs evaluation in light of recent losses.
• Adapting to the shift in terrorist activity poses a tactical challenge.
• Maintaining public trust requires investigations into civilian casualties under suspicious circumstances.

 Critical Analysis:

• Recent losses in encounters raise concerns about the efficacy of the Army's existing strategies.
• The shift in terrorist activity underscores the necessity for adaptable response strategies.
• Allegations regarding civilian casualties necessitate transparent investigations to uphold public trust.

Way Forward:

• Conduct a comprehensive review of identified weaknesses in convoy security, vehicle hardening, and reinforcement movements.
• Adapt drills, Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), and minor tactics to address current challenges effectively.
• Ensure transparent investigations into civilian deaths, taking appropriate disciplinary action if errors are identified.
• Implement brigade-sized operations in Pir Panjal with drone support, accompanied by robust public outreach to address local sentiments.
• Maintain a balanced approach in public statements to prevent speculation and unrest, while continuing precautionary measures in the Kashmir Valley.

NEWS: The recent UNFCCC conference in Dubai (COP28) marked a significant shift in addressing climate change.Instead of the usual lip service to adaptation, a critical issue often neglected by the international community, COP28 finally pushed this concern into the spotlight. This suggests a potential move away from the traditional focus on mitigation (reducing emissions) towards a more balanced approach that recognizes the need for both mitigation and adaptation strategies.

CONTEXT: The COP continues to serve as the focal point for constructing the framework of global climate governance. In COPs, every nation has a say, increasing the likelihood that issues related to fairness and susceptibility will be addressed.

• COP28 focused on addressing adaptation concerns, culminating in the adoption of the Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA) framework, guided by the Paris Agreement.
• The world is experiencing extreme weather events at 1.1°C above pre-industrial levels, highlighting the urgency of treating adaptation on par with mitigation.
• Mitigation efforts outlined in nationally determined contributions (NDCs) are insufficient to restrict global temperature rise below 1.5°C, potentially reaching 2.8°C by the end of the century.
• The GGA framework prioritizes adaptation actions, including conducting climate hazard assessments and establishing multi-hazard early warning systems by 2030.
• Challenges in GGA implementation include the need for up-to-date assessments, policy formulation, and addressing influencing factors at the national level.
• Unlike mitigation, climate adaptation lacks a universal metric, and the GGA draft decisions include a two-year work program on indicators for measuring progress, without specifying details.
• The COP28 Draft Decision expresses concern about the widening adaptation finance gap, with an estimated cost of $71 billion per year from now to 2030.
• Climate financing has a strong bias in favor of mitigation over adaptation, with a split of 95:5, and self-reporting indicates a 34% share of adaptation in total climate finance to developing countries in 2020.
• The GGA falls short in treating adaptation on par with mitigation, emphasizing the need to hold the global average temperature increase below 2°C and 1.5°C, adding greater levels of mitigation.

Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA):

The Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA) was created within the framework of the Paris Agreement with the aim of advancing

climate change adaptation. It seeks to raise awareness and financial support for countries' adaptation requirements within the context of the Paris Agreement's goal of limiting global warming to 1.5/2°C.

The preliminary text of the GGA focuses on key issues, including the reduction of climate-induced water scarcity, the promotion of climate-resilient food and agriculture production, and the enhancement of resilience against health impacts related to climate change.

Primary Objective of the Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA):

The main aim of the Global Goal on Adaptation is for Parties to the Paris Agreement to conduct current assessments related to climate hazards, impacts of climate change, exposure to risks, and vulnerabilities. Additionally, they are expected to utilize the outcomes of these assessments in shaping their national  adaptation plans, policy instruments, and planning processes/strategies by the year 2030.

Challenges in Implementing the Global Goal on Adaptation:

By the year 2027, all participating Parties are required to establish multi-hazard early warning systems, climate information services for risk reduction, and systematic observation. This is intended to enhance climate-related data, information, and services, and a crucial aspect is evaluating its impact on advancing adaptation efforts.

A notable challenge lies in the transfer of globally agreed goals from the international to the national level. Experiences from the Millennium Development Goals indicate that this transfer is not seamless. Factors influencing successful implementation include national conditions such as administrative capacity, economic development, and the provision of adequate support.

Assessing the Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA):

Determining the ambition or level of implementation of the GGA cannot be straightforwardly aggregated solely based on the national commitments made by countries.

The GGA framework has initiated a two-year work program focused on developing indicators to measure the progress made in attaining the targets outlined in the GGA draft decisions. However, the current framework does not specify the entities responsible for developing these indicators or the methodology involved.

Funding the Fight Against Climate Change: COP28 Draft Decision Highlights Gaps and Urges Action

Widening Adaptation Gap:

The COP28 draft decision emphasizes the growing disparity between the Resources needed to adapt to climate change and the funding available. This "adaptation finance gap" continues to widen, posing a serious threat to vulnerable communities around the world.

Doubling Down on Commitments:

COP28 reiterates the call from COP26, urging developed countries to double their adaptation funding by 2025 compared to 2019 levels. This highlights the urgency of scaling up financial support to help developing nations cope with the impacts of climate change.

Estimating the Need:

Based on updated national climate plans and targets, estimations suggest that around $71 billion per year will be needed between now and 2030 to meet adaptation needs. This substantial figure underscores the significant funding gap that must be addressed.

Falling Short of Promises:

Despite commitments made earlier, developed countries, through the OECD, acknowledge that their combined climate finance flows fell short of the $100 billion target in 2020, reaching only $83.3 billion. This shortfall underlines the need for concrete action to bridge the gap and fulfill promised funding.

Bridging the Adaptation Gap: Moving Beyond Promises to Action

Historically, climate change action has focused heavily on mitigation - reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This bias arises from several factors:

• Global Benefits of Mitigation: Mitigation efforts, like switching to renewable energy, benefit all countries through reduced global warming.
• Local Impact of Adaptation: Adaptation activities, like building seawalls or drought-resistant crops, primarily benefit specific regions facing immediate climate impacts.
• Cost-Effective Mitigation Opportunities: Developing countries often offer cost-effective options for emission reductions, attracting more Resources towards mitigation projects. However, neglecting adaptation poses a grave risk to developing nations already bearing the brunt of climate change. Despite a recent uptick in adaptation funding, reaching $6 billion in 2020, the imbalance remains stark: Uneven Funding Split: Adaptation still receives only 34% of total climate finance, dwarfed by mitigation's 66% share. While the Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA) adopted at COP28 represents a positive step, it falls short of achieving true parity between mitigation and adaptation:

• Mitigation Dominates: The GGA emphasizes keeping global warming below 2°C and ideally 1.5°C, primarily through increased mitigation efforts.
• Adaptation as Secondary: Implicitly, this focus suggests that greater mitigation will reduce the need for adaptation, neglecting the urgent needs of communities already facing climate impacts. To truly address the climate crisis, we must move beyond rhetoric and promises. COP28 needs to be a turning point, not just in acknowledging the adaptation gap but in taking concrete steps to close it. This requires:

• Increased Funding: Significantly ramp up adaptation financing to reach the estimated $71 billion annual need.
• Balanced Approach: Allocate Resources proportionally between mitigation and adaptation, recognizing their equal importance in combating climate change.
• Prioritize Vulnerable Communities: Direct Resources towards those facing the most immediate and severe consequences of climate change. Only by taking such decisive action can we ensure a future where both developed and developing nations can adapt and thrive in a changing climate.

CONTEXT: Fight against climate change: From cheap renewables to lucrative green investments, there is lots of progress and innovation, according to experts.

Key highlights:

• Carbon emissions are expected to reach record highs, but a study by the New Climate Institute provides reasons for hope.
• Climate awareness has become mainstream, with increased media coverage and global climate protests led by youth movements.
• A surge in climate litigation against states and companies is pushing for compliance with environmental legislation, with notable successes, such as Germany's greenhouse gas emissions cuts.
• The goal of achieving a net-zero economy is now widely accepted, with 90% of the global economy having net-zero targets by the end of 2021.
• Sustainable investments are now a standard in the finance world, with increasing climate litigation against companies and investors recognizing climate change risks to wealth.
• Renewable energy costs have plummeted, making renewables cheaper than new fossil fuels in 90% of the world and the primary SOURCE of bulk electricity generation.
• The paradigm shift towards renewable energy is irreversible, with investments in renewables now five times greater than in fossil fuels.
• Electrification is crucial in transport and heating, with electrically powered heat pumps becoming a key technology for building decarbonization.
• Electric car sales are rising faster than expected, with 18% of new cars likely to be electric by 2023, and major car manufacturers pledging to go electric.
• Despite challenges like high prices, the electrification of vehicles, especially in rich industrialized countries and China, has grown exponentially.
• While more action is needed to meet Paris Agreement targets, the authors emphasize the world's strength in increased awareness, knowledge, and technical know-how in addressing the climate crisis.

What is Net-Zero?

Net-Zero isn't about eliminating emissions entirely, but reaching a balance. It's where emissions released are offset by an equal amount being absorbed or removed from the atmosphere. This happens through:

• Carbon sinks: Natural ecosystems like forests absorb CO2. India aims to increase its forest cover significantly by 2030.
• Futuristic technologies: Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is still in development, but holds potential for direct removal of atmospheric CO2.

India's Net-Zero Target:

India has pledged to achieve Net-Zero by 2070, announced at COP26. Here's what they're doing to get there:

Ambitious Renewable Energy Goals:

• 500 GW by 2030: India's renewable energy target has been steadily rising, aiming for nearly double the original Paris Agreement goal.
• 50% non-fossil power: Half of India's power generation will come from renewables by 2030, exceeding the earlier 40% target.

National Determined Contribution (NDC) Goals:

These eight goals outline India's climate action strategy:

1. Lifestyle for Environment (LIFE): Promoting sustainable living practices to combat climate change.
2. Cleaner Development Path: Following a less carbon-intensive path than other developing nations.
3. Reduce Emissions Intensity: Cutting emissions per unit of GDP by 45% by 2030.
4. 50% Non-Fossil Power Capacity: Achieving this ambitious target by 2030.
5. Technology Transfer and Finance: Seeking international support for technology and funding, including from the Green Climate Fund.
6. Carbon Sink Expansion: Increasing forest cover by 2.5-3 billion tons of CO2 equivalent by 2030.
7. Climate Change Adaptation: Enhancing investments in vulnerable sectors like agriculture, water, and healthcare.
8. Financial Mobilization: Securing domestic and international funding to implement mitigation and adaptation actions.
9. Technology Diffusion and R&D: Building capacity and infrastructure for adopting cutting-edge climate technologies.

Key Outcomes of COP 28 (2023):

Global Stocktake (GST) Text:

• Periodic review mechanism under the Paris Agreement.
• Eight steps proposed to limit global temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius.
• Calls for tripling global renewable energy capacity and doubling energy efficiency improvements by 2030.
• Emphasizes substantial reduction of non-CO2 emissions, especially methane, by 2030.

Transitioning Away from Fossil Fuels:

• Calls for a just, orderly, and equitable transition away from fossil fuels in energy systems.
• Aims to achieve net zero by 2050, accelerating action in the critical decade.

Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA):

• Focuses on enhancing adaptive capabilities and minimizing vulnerability for sustainable development.
• Calls for doubling adaptation finance and plans for assessments and monitoring.
• Sets explicit 2030 targets for water security, ecosystem restoration, and health.

Climate Finance:

• Estimates wealthy nations owe developing countries USD 500 billion in 2025 under NCQG.
• Aims to set a new collective quantified goal before 2025, starting from USD 100 billion per year.
• Allocation includes USD 250 billion for mitigation, USD 100 billion for adaptation, and USD 150 billion for loss and damage.

Loss and Damage Fund:

• Agreement to operationalize the Loss and Damage (L&D) fund.
• Specific percentage earmarked for Least Developed Countries and Small Island Developing States.
• Initial oversight by the World Bank.

Global Renewables and Energy Efficiency Pledge:

• Commitment to triple global renewable energy capacity to at least 11,000 GW by 2030.
• Calls for doubling the global average annual rate of energy efficiency improvements.

Global Cooling Pledge:

• Includes 66 national government signatories.
• Aims to reduce cooling-related emissions by at least 68% globally relative to 2022 levels by 2050.

Declaration to Triple Nuclear Energy:

Aims to triple global nuclear energy capacity by 2050.

Key Concerns:

Fossil Fuel Phase-out:

• Lack of clear and urgent plans for fossil fuel phase-out.
• Vague language without specific timelines or targets.

Renewable Energy Targets:

• Ambiguity in the call for countries to contribute to tripling global renewable energy capacity.
• Lack of clarity on how the tripling would be ensured and whether it is a collective or individual target.

Adaptation Goals:

• Inadequate mechanisms and details for achieving adaptation goals.
• Developing countries express dissatisfaction with the draft for not meeting their expectations.
• Financial Commitments:
• Lack of an established mechanism for holding governments and institutions accountable for climate financing commitments.

Climate Finance Interpretations:

• Varying methodologies in compiling data on climate finance flows.
• Potential for double counting, leading to overestimation of actual financial flows.

Resistance to Coal Phase-down:

• Strong resistance, particularly from India, China, South Africa, against stipulating no new coal-fired power plants without carbon capture and storage.

Methane Emission Cuts:

• Concerns over the sensitivity of cutting methane emissions, which may involve agricultural changes, especially in countries like India.

A Glimmer of Hope in the Climate Crisis

It's tempting to stare at the mounting challenges of climate change and feel powerless. Yet, amidst the rising sea levels and scorching heatwaves, glimmers of hope persist. This fight is far from over, and five critical reasons fuel our optimism:

1. Renewable energy's accelerating rise: Costs are plummeting, technologies are advancing, and clean energy is rapidly becoming the most economical choice. The sun and wind are proving to be powerful weapons in our arsenal.
2. Shifting societal values: Public awareness is growing, and demand for climate action is surging. Governments and businesses are responding, recognizing the need for a sustainable future. The tide is turning towards responsibility and environmental protection.
3. Empowered local communities: Grassroots movements are sprouting everywhere, tackling climate challenges and  inspiring change. From farmers adopting regenerative practices to youth demanding cleaner air, these efforts collectively create a powerful wave of action.
4. Innovation on the horizon: Technological advancements are emerging in carbon capture, sustainable materials, and green infrastructure. These breakthroughs hold the potential to accelerate our progress and break through seemingly insurmountable hurdles.
5. Human potential for collaboration: We are a species capable of incredible feats when we work together. The Paris Agreement stands as a testament to this. As cooperation strengthens and Resources are directed towards solutions, our collective ingenuity can unlock transformative change.

6. The climate fight is complex, requiring unwavering commitment and sustained action. Challenges abound, but with each step forward, hope strengthens. We have the knowledge, the technology, and the growing will to forge a better future. Let us channel our anxieties into action, our despair into determination, and together, turn the tide against climate change. Remember, even the smallest ember can ignite a powerful flame.

CONTEXT: According to local officials, when the flight landed at France’s Vatry airport on Thursday, it had 303 Indian passengers, including 11 minors.

• Charter plane grounded in France with 276 passengers, mostly Indians, suspected of human trafficking.
• Flight landed in Mumbai after four days in France; 303 passengers initially, 25 stayed for asylum, 2 held.
• Passengers from Punjab and Haryana; covered faces, avoided media, carried 2 bags with Legend Airline stickers.
• Plane operated by Legend Airlines en route from Dubai to Nicaragua; French police acted on an anonymous tip.
• Judicial inquiry initiated; France's anti-organised crime unit JUNALCO examines human trafficking suspicions.
• Legend Airlines denies involvement; passengers provided beds at Vatry airport during the grounding.
• Indian Embassy thanked French government and Vatry Airport for hospitality and quick resolution.
• Speculation: Travel planned for passengers to reach Nicaragua, attempt illegal entry into the US or Canada.
• PTI report: 96,917 Indians attempted illegal entry into the US in 2023; Nicaragua popular for seeking asylum.

• Legend Airlines lawyer mentioned passengers paid for a tourism trip to Nicaragua and didn't want to return to India.

About Human Trafficking:

Defined as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of people through force, fraud, or deception for exploitation.Victims include men, women, and children, targeted globally using violence or deceptive promises.

Causes of Human Trafficking:

Push Factors:

• Widespread poverty and challenging socio-economic conditions.
• Natural disasters leading to destitution.
• Limited access to education and opportunities.
• Dowry pressure and dysfunctional family environments.

Pull Factors:

• Demand for marriage, labor, and adoption.
• High burden on women.
• Rise in demand for the sex industry, with sexual exploitation being the most common reason.

Impact of Human Trafficking:

• Physical and psychological consequences.
• Difficulty in reintegration into society.
• Violations of human rights and legal/immigration challenges.

Status in India (2021):

• 2,189 cases registered, a 27.7% increase from 2020.
• 6,533 victims reported, including children and adults.
• Regional disparities with Telangana, Maharashtra, and Assam having the highest cases.

US Assessment (2023):

US Trafficking in Persons Report states that India does not fully meet minimum standards for eliminating trafficking

Indian Trafficking Overseas:

• Exploitation of Indian migrants seeking employment abroad.
• Forced labor victims identified in various countries.

Constitutional and Legislative Provisions:

• Article 23(1) prohibits trafficking in human beings.
• Laws like Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, and others.

Measures by Government:

• Anti Trafficking Cell (ATC) and Anti-Human Trafficking Units (AHTUs).
• Judicial Colloquiums and Web Portal on Anti-Human Trafficking.
• Ujjawala Scheme for prevention and rehabilitation.

International Cooperation:

• Ratification of UN Convention and SAARC Convention.
• Bilateral mechanisms, e.g., Task Force with Bangladesh.

Way Forward:

• Systematic action and enhanced role of AHTUs.
• Reliable data collection and international cooperation.
• Stringent punishments and technological solutions.
• Prevention through education, awareness, and support for victims.
• Addressing root causes through poverty alleviation and social inclusivity.

CONTEXT: The idea to switch to strawberry farming was put forward by Chuktia Bhunjia Development Agency (CBDA), a body set up by the Odisha government in 1994-95 for the welfare of the Chuktia Bhunjia tribes.

• Chuktia Bhunjia farmers in Odisha's Nuapada district have successfully transitioned to strawberry farming, improving their income significantly.
• The switch to strawberry farming was suggested by the Chuktia Bhunjia Development Agency (CBDA), a body established by the Odisha government for the welfare of the Chuktia Bhunjia tribes.
• The Sunabeda plateau's cool climate, sitting at 3,000 feet above sea level, provides ideal conditions for strawberry cultivation.
• Farmers were trained in strawberry farming basics during a visit to Mahabaleshwar in Maharashtra.
• With the help of CBDA and the horticulture department, farmers obtained strawberry saplings from Mahabaleshwar and implemented drip irrigation.
• Traditional crops like paddy, millets, and vegetables were replaced by strawberries, resulting in significantly higher earnings.
• Kaliram Suar, a farmer, earned around Rs 4 lakh in one year from strawberry farming, compared to Rs 70,000-80,000 from traditional crops.
• More than 25 farmers have taken up strawberry farming in over 30 acres of land, expanding from seven farmers and 10 acres in the previous year.
• Marketing the strawberry produce has been a challenge, but the Sunabeda district administration has helped farmers market their strawberries under the brand "Sunabeda Strawberries."
• The Odisha PVTG Empowerment and Livelihoods Improvement Programme (OPELIP) has developed a marketing strategy to sell strawberries produced in tribal areas.
• OPELIP aims to involve tribal farmers in the entire process, from development to marketing, and is working on improving packaging and branding.

Sunabeda Wildlife Sanctuary

• Spanning 500 square kilometres, the Sunabeda Wildlife Sanctuary is a proposed Tiger Reserve.
• The sanctuary, with its expansive plateau, canyons, and 11 waterfalls, houses a diverse range of wildlife.
• It also acts as the catchment area for the Jonk River, where a dam has been constructed to aid in irrigation.
• A wide range of wildlife, including tigers, swamp deer, leopards, gaurs, sloth bears, barking deer, and more, can be spotted here.

Chuktia Bhunjia

• Bhunjias, are an ethnic group found in India mainly reside in Sunabeda plateau in Odisha and Chhattisgarh.

• According to the tribe, the term “Bhunjia” means “growing out of land” or “origin from the earth”.
• The Bhunjia have racial and cultural affinity with the Gonds of Orissa.
• There are many myths among the Bhunjia and the Gond, which speak of strong relationship among the Gonds and the Bhunjias.
• On setting in the Sunabeda plateau, the Bhunjias did not have marital relations with any tribal group, but in course of time, when the Gonds came into their area, marital relation was established with them.

Climatic conditions for strawberry farming

The ideal temperature for strawberries is between 13 and 22 degrees Celsius. To enhance fruiting and flowering, plants need a minimum of 8 hours of full light per day. Both the weather and the temperature affect plant development.

CONTEXT: The boat left from Bangladesh around 14-15 days ago and was on its way to Indonesia. Those onboard included 47 women and 59 minors

News:

• UNHCR expressed gratitude to Indian authorities in Andaman and Nicobar Islands for taking care of 142 Rohingya refugees.
• The refugees' boat was intercepted by coastal security agencies near Shaheed Dweep after leaving Bangladesh 14-15 days ago, heading to Indonesia.
• The interception and rescue were carried out by multiple coastal security agencies, including the navy, coast guard, and marine police.
• The refugees' boat had technical issues and was towed to Shaheed Dweep, where it was deemed unfit for further travel.
• The refugees were taken to Port Blair and placed in a temporary shelter by the local administration.

The United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR)

• It  is a vital global organization dedicated to helping those forced to flee their homes due to conflict, persecution, or disaster. They work tirelessly to safeguard the rights and rebuild the lives of refugees, internally displaced persons, and stateless people across the globe.
• Founded in 1950 after the devastation of World War II, UNHCR has provided assistance and protection to millions around the world.
• Recognized for their immense contributions, they have been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize twice. Their work is guided by the 1951 Refugee Convention, a key legal document in refugee protection.
• With offices in over 135 countries, including India's New Delhi and Chennai, UNHCR operates at the local and global levels. Led by the High Commissioner for Refugees, they collaborate with a variety of partners to deliver vital aid and advocate for lasting solutions for displaced individuals.
• Additionally, they annually recognize outstanding contributions to refugee rights with the Nansen Refugee Award.
• In essence, UNHCR is a beacon of hope for those displaced from their homes. They provide life-saving aid, defend fundamental rights, and strive for a future where everyone can find safe haven and build a better life.

The Rohingya Crisis: A Decades-Long Struggle for Recognition and Safety

• The Rohingya, a marginalized ethnic group in Myanmar, have endured a prolonged ordeal of oppression and displacement.
• Decades of state-sanctioned discrimination have robbed them of citizenship, making them one of the world's largest stateless populations.
• Starting from the early 1990s, repeated waves of violence have forced them to flee Myanmar, culminating in a mass exodus in August 2017. This event saw over 742,000 Rohingya, predominantly women and children, desperately seeking refuge in neighboring countries.
• In essence, the Rohingya crisis is a multifaceted tragedy fueled by ethnic exclusion, human rights abuses, and mass displacement. Their quest for recognition and basic safety continues to remain elusive, making this a pressing global concern demanding action and lasting solutions.

CONTEXT: Dubbed 'Chameleon Trojan', the malware uses the 'Accessibility service' on Android devices to disable fingerprint and face unlock and even tracks the user's app usage habits so it can run when the device is not in use.

• A new version of the 'Chameleon Trojan' malware has been identified by security researchers.
• The malware is capable of disabling biometric authentication methods such as fingerprint and face unlock to steal a phone's PIN.

ISSUES:

•  
• The Chameleon Trojan attaches itself to legitimate Android apps like Google Chrome to avoid detection and operates in the background.
•  
• It claims to have undetectable bundles during runtime, bypassing Google Protect alerts and security software.
•  
• On Android 12 and earlier versions, the malware uses the Accessibility service for unauthorized access. On newer versions, it presents an HTML page with instructions to enable the service, bypassing security mechanisms.
•  
• The malware steals on-screen content, gains additional permissions, captures PINs and passwords, and uses the stolen PIN to unlock the device and access sensitive information.
• Chameleon Trojan collects information on users' app usage habits to launch attacks when users are least likely to use their devices.

RECOMMENDATIONS: Avoiding installing Android apps from unofficial Sources, not enabling the 'Accessibility service' for unknown apps, running security scans regularly, and keeping Google Play Protect enabled.

Malware

Malware, short for malicious software, is any program or file designed to harm a computer, network, or server. Think of it as a digital weapon, with various tools in its arsenal depending on the attacker's goals. These can range from stealing data and disrupting operations to causing widespread chaos and destruction.

Some of the most common types of malware, along with their characteristics:

1. Viruses: These are like digital parasites that attach themselves to legitimate programs and replicate, spreading from one system to another. Once activated, they can corrupt files, delete data, or even hijack your entire computer. Imagine a virus like a cold for your computer, but instead of making you sneeze, it steals your files!

2. Worms: Similar to viruses, worms replicate and spread quickly, but they don't need to attach to other programs. They can exploit vulnerabilities in networks or operating systems to infect multiple devices independently. Think of a worm like a self-propelled virus, slithering its way through your network, wreaking havoc wherever it goes.

3. Trojan horses: These are deceptive programs that appear harmless, often masquerading as legitimate software or downloads. Once installed, they unleash their malicious payload, which could be anything from stealing data to installing other malware. Imagine a Trojan horse like a poisoned gift, luring you in with promises but delivering something nasty instead.

4. Spyware: As the name suggests, spyware secretly monitors your computer activity, collecting sensitive information like passwords, financial data, and browsing habits. This information can then be used for identity theft, fraud, or blackmail. Think of spyware like a nosy neighbor peeking through your window, gathering intel on your every move.

Spyware Malware

5. Ransomware: This particularly nasty type of malware encrypts your files, making them inaccessible unless you pay a ransom to the attacker. It's like a digital kidnapper, holding your data hostage until you meet their demands.

6. Adware: While not as harmful as the others, adware bombards you with unwanted advertisements, often intrusive and disruptive. It can also track your browsing habits and target you with personalized ads. Think of adware like a persistent salesperson, constantly popping up and trying to sell you something, even if you're not interested.

These are just a few of the many types of malware out there, and new ones are constantly being developed. It's important to be aware of the dangers and take steps to protect yourself, such as:

• Using strong passwords and keeping them safe.
• Installing and updating antivirus and anti-malware software regularly.
• Being cautious about opening suspicious emails or clicking on unknown links.
• Backing up your data regularly. By staying vigilant and taking precautions, you can help keep your computer and data safe from the ever-evolving threat of malware.

CONTEXT: On the issue of movement of professionals, the official said that immigration debate and the ongoing FTA discussions in services are completely different things.

Lack of regulatory alignment with global standards in the service sector and resistance to foreign competition are obstacles to India's efforts to strike deals with global services leaders like the European Union and the United Kingdom.

• India is in agreement with free trade agreement (FTA) partners on the movement of business professionals, as there is a strong demand for Indian professionals in the UK and European businesses.
• Challenges in the service sector include outdated regulations and barriers on foreign direct investment (FDI), limiting the inclusive growth of the sector.
• Legal services are cited as an example where resistance to opening the sector hinders opportunities for Indian graduates and limits access to legal services for Indian multinationals.
• India's restriction on brand-based retail and e-commerce models is viewed as not in line with globally followed norms, impacting FDI inflows.
• Gross FDI equity inflows into the services sector show a significant skew, with the computer software and hardware sector receiving the majority of FDI.
• The delay in signing the India-UK FTA is attributed to the comprehensive nature of the deal and the need for regulatory alignment.

Free Trade Agreement (FTA).

• A Free Trade Agreement (FTA) is a formal agreement established between two or more countries with the aim of minimizing obstacles to the exchange of imports and exports among them.
• In adherence to a free trade policy, there is a facilitation of the buying and selling of goods and services across global borders, characterized by minimal government-imposed tariffs, quotas, subsidies, or restrictions.
• Essentially, the essence of free trade stands in contrast to practices such as trade protectionism or economic isolationism. FTAs encompass various types, including Preferential Trade Agreements, Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreements, and Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreements (CEPAs).

India-UK Trade Deal: A Glimpse into a Booming Partnership

• In 2022, India and the UK officially embarked on Free Trade Agreement (FTA) negotiations, aiming to significantly boost trade.
• While a full FTA is in the works, an interim free trade area is being considered to reduce tariffs on many goods as a stepping stone.
• Both nations agreed on an "early harvest" deal to lower tariffs on specific goods and ease regulations for select services, focusing on areas with minimal friction.
• Sensitive sectors like agriculture and dairy in India are currently off-limits for discussion.

Trade Landscape:

• Between 2007 and 2019, India-UK trade more than doubled, showcasing substantial growth potential.
• As of 2022, India stands as the UK's 12th largest trading partner overall, accounting for 2% of its total trade.
• Bilateral trade reached $20.36 billion in 2022-23, further highlighting the increasing economic ties.

Potential Benefits of the FTA:

• Export Boom: For India, the FTA could unlock significant export growth in sectors like textiles, leather goods, footwear, and marine products.
• Clarity and Ease for Services: Improved regulations and streamlined processes in the FTA are expected to benefit service sectors like IT/ITES, healthcare, education, and AYUSH.
• Strategic Diversification: After opting out of the RCEP deal, the India-UK FTA gains crucial importance as a gateway to key markets and a means to diversify trade channels.
• Strengthened Global Ties: Closer economic ties with the UK, a permanent member of the UN Security Council and a strategic partner, could offer India valuable support on global issues.

Looking Ahead:

• Ongoing negotiations face challenges surrounding intellectual property rights, global value chains, digital trade, and rules of origin.
• India's cautious approach and emphasis on securing a

comprehensive deal demonstrate its commitment to protecting its interests.

• The future of India's trade agreements hinges on the outcome of these negotiations, making them a critical turning point in the nation's economic strategy.

CONTEXT: INS Imphal to be commissioned today. Its capabilities, and the strategic significance of Visakhapatnam class of destroyers Commissioning marks the day that a ship joins active service.

• INS Imphal, the third ship of the Visakhapatnam class stealth-guided missile destroyers (Project 15B), is set to be commissioned into the Indian Navy.
• The class is designed by the Indian Navy's Warship Design Bureau and named after major cities in India.
• INS Imphal's keel was laid in May 2017, launched in April 2019, completed sea trials in six months, and is set for commissioning in December 2023.
• The Visakhapatnam class destroyers are 163 meters long, 17.4m wide, with a displacement of 7,400 tonnes, operated by a crew of around 350.
• Propelled by a 'combined gas and gas' (COGAG) configuration, the ships have a maximum speed of 30 knots and a range of 4000 nautical miles.
• Features include multiple fire zones, battle damage control systems, distributional power systems, total atmospheric control system (TACS), and a combat management system.
• Armament includes BrahMos surface-to-surface cruise missiles, Barak-8 surface-to-air missiles, 127 mm main gun, AK-630 30mm guns, torpedo launchers, and RBU-6000 anti-submarine rocket launchers.
• The destroyers have anti-submarine warfare capabilities, can operate two multi-role helicopters, and feature stealth technology.
• Destroyers play a crucial role in protecting fleets, carrier battle groups, and offensive naval operations, with the Visakhapatnam class being advanced and having a high indigenous component.

CONTEXT: The proposed hub located near the GMR Aerocity will provide connectivity through an Interstate Bus Terminus, Delhi Metro, the proposed Passenger Transport Centre, and proposed Rapid Rail Transit System station.

• Delhi International Airport Limited (DIAL) plans to develop India's first multi-modal interstate transport hub near Aerocity, focusing on integrating bus, metro, and air services.
• The proposed hub near GMR Aerocity aims to enhance connectivity through an Interstate Bus Terminus (ISBT), Delhi Metro Rail Corporation's phase 4 line, proposed Passenger Transport Centre (PTC), and the Rapid Rail Transit System (RRTS) station.
• The hub targets improved connectivity for passengers from Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and Uttarakhand traveling to the Indira Gandhi International airport for international flights.
• Currently lacking sufficient facilities for interstate bus parking, the hub intends to streamline travel for passengers from neighboring states through metro, bus, and trains.
• The ISBT, developed in consultation with the Delhi Transport Department, is designed to match airport standards, featuring amenities like retail outlets, F&B options, EV charging,  transit facilities, waiting areas, business centers, internet/Wi-Fi services, and souvenir shops.
• The airport ISBT's construction aims to offer a seamless experience for long-distance passengers traveling to the airport, eliminating the need for additional transfers.
• Passengers arriving by buses from various states can utilize other modes of transport like Automated Passenger Movement or Metro for terminal access.

Veer Bal Diwas

CONTEXT: Union Minister of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare and Tribal Affairs Shri Arjun Munda participated in the historic programme marking Veer Bal Diwas at Gurudwara Saheeb Baba Deep Singh Ji at Jamshedpur, Jharkhand today.

• Veer Bal Diwas is commemorated annually on December 26th to honor the sacrifice of Guru Gobind Singh's four sons, who bravely fought against the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb and his army.
• The four sons, named Zorawar Singh, Fateh Singh, Jai Singh, and Kulwant Singh, played a crucial role in defending the fort of Anandpur Sahib from a Mughal siege.
• Zorawar Singh and Fateh Singh were captured by the Mughals at the young ages of six and nine, respectively.
• Despite being taken to Sirhind, they steadfastly refused to convert to Islam and were sentenced to a tragic death by being bricked alive in 1705.
• Jai Singh and Kulwant Singh, also captured at Anandpur Sahib, managed to escape Sirhind with the assistance of loyal followers. They later joined their father in the decisive battle at Sirhind, where Guru Gobind Singh was wounded by a musket shot.
• The selfless sacrifice of Guru Gobind Singh's sons became a symbol of courage for the Sikh community, inspiring generations with their unwavering commitment to the cause of Sikhism.

A geographical indication (GI) is a designation applied to products originating from a specific geographical area, indicating that the qualities or reputation of the products are inherently linked to that particular origin.

In India, the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, of 1999 governs the registration and protection of GIs. These tags play a crucial role in promoting and safeguarding the unique products and traditional knowledge of various regions, contributing to rural development, preserving cultural heritage, and enhancing the marketability of Indian products in the global market.

Article 22 (1) of Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) defines GIs as “indications which identify a good as originating in the territory of a member, or a region or locality in that territory, where a given quality, reputation or other characteristic of the good is essentially attributable to its geographic origin”.

In many EU nations, GI is classified in two basic categories Protected GI (PGI) and Protected Destination of Origin (PDO). India only has the PGI category.

This certification is also extended to non-agricultural products, such as handicrafts based on human skills, materials and resources available in certain areas that make the product unique.GI is a powerful tool for protecting traditional knowledge, culture and can boost socio-economic development.

Benefits: It lets approved users stop others from using the indication if their product doesn't meet the standards. A GI tag confers the following rights to the registered proprietors:

• Legal protection against unauthorised use by others.
• Exclusive right to use the GI tag for the specified goods or products.
• Ability to prevent misuse, imitation, or misleading representations of the GI tag.
• Legal recourse against infringement or unfair competition.

Legal Framework and Governance:

• GI is governed under the Agreement on TRIPS at the World Trade Organisation (WTO).
• The Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 seeks to provide for the registration and better protection of geographical indications relating to goods in India.
• Paris Convention emphasises protecting industrial property and geographical indications in Articles 1(2) and 10.

Status of GI Tags Registration:

Compared to other nations, India lags in GI registration. Till December 2023, Intellectual Property India received just 1,167 applications, of which only 547 products have been registered, as per the GI Registry.

Germany leads in GI registrations, with 15,566 registered products, followed by China (7,247), as per 2020 data with the World Intellectual Property Organization.

Globally, wines and spirits comprise 51.8% of registered GIs, followed by agricultural products and foodstuffs at 29.9%.In India, handicraft (about 45%) and agriculture (about 30%) comprise the majority of the GI products.

Concerns Regarding the GI Tags in India:

Concerns with GI Act and Registration Process:The GI Act, 1999 framed over two decades ago, requires timely amendments to address current challenges.Registration forms and application processing times need simplification for easier compliance.

The current application acceptance ratio is only about 46% in India.Lack of suitable institutional development hampers effective implementation of GI protection mechanisms.Producers often struggle post-GI registration due to a lack of guidance and support.

Ambiguity in Producers' Definition:The lack of clarity in defining "producers" in the GI Act of 1999 leads to the involvement of intermediaries.Intermediaries benefit from GIs, diluting the intended advantages for genuine producers.

Disputes at the International Level:Disputes, especially regarding products like Darjeeling teaand Basmati riceindicate that GIs receive less attention compared to patents, trademarks, and copyrights.

Academic Attention:Limited academic focus on GIs is evident, with only seven publications from India.A recent surge in publications indicates growing academic interest, with 35 articles published in 2021.

European nations, such as Italy, Spain, and France, lead in GI-related academic publications.

GI Tag in India

The Geographical Indication Registry, a division of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry’s Department of Industry Promotion and Internal Trade (DIPIT), is responsible for issuing GI tags, further safeguarding these unique products and their geographical origins. The GI tag holds significant importance for India, as it:

• Promotion and protection: It promotes and safeguards the unique products and traditional knowledge of various regions, contributing to rural development and empowerment.
• Marketability and competitiveness: It enhances the credibility/marketability and competitiveness of Indian products in the global market.
• Preservation of cultural heritage: It preserves the cultural heritage and traditional practices associated with the production of these products.
• Prevention of misappropriation: It prevents misappropriation and misuse of traditional knowledge by unauthorized parties.
• Sustainable practices and environmental conservation: It encourages sustainable production practices and environmental conservation in the designated regions.

GI Act of 1999

The Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 is the main law in India that oversees the registration and protection of geographical indications. The Act’s key provisions include:

• The establishment of the Geographical Indications Registry, which is responsible for processing and registering GI applications.
• The criteria for registering a GI, include the association between the product and its geographical origin, and the reputation or quality attributable to that origin.
• The duration of protection is initially 10 years but can be renewed indefinitely.
• Provisions for enforcing GI rights, including civil and criminal penalties for infringement.
• Provisions for registering authorised users and associations of producers.

GI Tag as an IPR

Geographical Indications are recognized as a form of intellectual property rights under the TRIPS Agreement of the World Trade Organization (WTO). As an IPR, GIs:

• Protect the collective rights of producers and communities associated with a particular product.
• Prevent the misuse or misappropriation of a product’s reputation or characteristics by unauthorized parties.
• Contribute to the preservation of traditional knowledge and cultural heritage.
• Promote fair trade practices and sustainable development in rural communities.

State Wise GI Tag Products in India

The GI Registry is located in Chennai processes and registers GI Applications. The tag was first given to Darjeeling Tea. However, GI tags aren’t only for popular products; they exist for hundreds of items across states, each recognizing a specific region and product. The various states' GI tags are as follows:

The first product in India to be accorded with GI tag was Darjeeling Tea in the year 2004-05.

Recently, over 17 products from Odisha, Arunachal Pradesh, West Bengal, and J&K have received the Geographical Indication (GI) tag.

IIT Delhi team makes first hi-res landslide risk map for India.

Landslide Susceptibility

• Landslide susceptibility is the likelihood of a landslide occurrence in an area depend on the terrain condition.
• It is an estimate of where landslides will have occurred.
• Relative susceptibility to land sliding is used as a measure of the potential hazard within an area.
• It is applicable to regions with different geomorphologic and vegetation characteristics.

National Landslide Susceptibility Mapping (NLSM) programme

• Geological Survey of India has launched and undertook a national programme on landslide susceptibility mapping with an aim to cover the 0.42 million sq. km landslide prone areas of the country.
• This national programme was formally launched in 2014.
• Objectives - To create a dynamic National Landslide Susceptibility Geodatabase for India.
• To prepare GIS based seamless Landslide Susceptibility Maps of India on 1:50,000 scale.
• To prepare a nation-wide repository on GIS-based Landslide Inventory.

The Map

• A landslide susceptibility map identifies areas which are subject to landslides and is measured from low to high.

Landslides are a unique and deadly problem in India and unlike floods, they are less widespread and harder to track and study with satellites.

• The landslide susceptibility map takes into account where the landslides occur and what causes them (slope, soil type and the impact of the flow of water in an area).

The Indian Landslide Susceptibility Map is the first of its kind by virtue of being on a national scale, leaving out no locations in the country.

• Process - Nearly 1.5 lakh landslide events were obtained via the Geological Survey of India (GSI) and other, global sources.
• GeoSadak, an online system that has data on the national road network in India, was particularly helpful in preparing the map, because it displayed data on roads even outside cities.

The fewer trees there are in a place, the closer it is to road-building activity, and the steeper the local slope, the more unstable the place will be and thus more prone to landslides.

• Applications - The map will help the policymakers to assess vulnerability and take appropriate measures for mitigation.
• The map is also expected to be useful for organisations involved in investigating and mitigating landslides, like the GSI, the Ministry of Mines, and the National Disaster Management Authority.
• High risk regions - The map acknowledged some well-known regions of high landslide susceptibility, like parts of the foothills of the Himalaya, the Assam-Meghalaya region, and the Western Ghats.
• It also revealed some previously unknown places with high risk, such as some areas of the Eastern Ghats, just north of Andhra Pradesh and Odisha.

A cartogram is called a thematic map in which a mapping variable, such as travel time, population, or GNP, is substituted for land area or distance.

10th century Kadamba inscription written in Kannada, Sanskrit found in Goa.

Kadamba Dynasty (345-535 C.E.)

• Extent - The Kadamba dynasty was an ancient Indian dynasty that ruled over parts of South India, particularly the present-day Karnataka region, from the 4th to the 6th centuries CE.
• Founder - The Kadamba dynasty is believed to have been founded by Mayurasharma, who was originally a feudatory of the Pallavas, a prominent dynasty of South India.
• Capital - The early capital of the Kadamba dynasty was Banavasi, located in present-day Karnataka.
• Later, the capital was shifted to Vaijayanti (modern-day Banavasi).
• End - The Kadamba kingdom came to an end with Pulakeshin II’s capture of Banavasi during the reign of Ajavarman.

Kadambas of Goa - They were the subordinates of Chalukyas of Kalyana.

• Chalukyan emperor Tailapa II appointed Kadamba Shasthadeva as mahamandaleshwara of Goa for his help in overthrowing the Rashtrakutas.
• Kadamba Shasthadeva conquered the city of Chandavara from the Shilaharas in 960 A.D and later, he conquered the port of Gopakapattana (present Goa).
• Gundayya, the son of Talara Nevayya, may have participated in this battle, and won the port at the cost of his life.
• His father may have erected a memorial stone with the inscription in the temple of Mahadev of Cacoda to commemorate the heroic fight of his son.

The Inscription

• The inscription was discovered in the Mahadeva temple at Cacoda in southern Goa.
• It is in the literary style of Talangre inscription of Jayasimha I of the same period.
• Message - Talara Nevayya’s son Gundayya having taken a vow to fulfil his father’s desire of capturing a gopura of the port of Goa, fought and died after fulfilling his father’s wish.
• The record is composed as a vocal statement on the death of his son from the mouth of a lamenting father.

The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) is working on the Project Kusha to operationally deploy its own long-range air defense system by 2028-29.

Aim – To develop India’s own Long-Range Surface-to-Air Missiles (LR-SAM)

Jointly developed with - Israel Aerospace Industries, Israel’s major aerospace and aviation manufacturers

Ranges - Hit hostile targets at 150 km, 250 km, and 350 km ranges.

Project Kusha:

• 'Project Kusha' is set to provide the Indian Air Force (IAF) with a long-range air defence system, with deployment targeted for 2028-29.
• The ambitious indigenous project will be developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) at an estimated budget of Rs 21,700 crore. 
• Drawing parallels with Israel's renowned Iron Dome system, 'Project Kusha' is expected to not only match but potentially surpass the capabilities of its Israeli counterpart.
• It aims to detect and destroy various hostile targets, including cruise missiles, stealth fighter jets, and drones at extended ranges.

Key Features:

• The long-range surface-to-air defence system (LR-SAM) incorporates advanced long-range surveillance and fire control radars, which empower the IAF to effectively monitor airspace and fend off enemy threats.
• Interceptor missiles, with ranges of 150 km, 200 km, and 350 km, provide the ability to detect and strike hostile targets at different distances.
• It will also be effective in providing strategic and tactical cover.
• The system reportedly has a single-shot kill chance of at least 80%and over 90% when two missiles are fired after each other.
• The firing units of 'Project Kusha' can seamlessly integrate with the IAF's air command and control system, facilitating coordination with a wide range of military radars.

Features – The LR-SAM system will be a mobile platform equipped with long range surveillance and fire control radars.

• It seeks to establish a formidable 3 layered defense system to detect and destroy incoming stealth fighters, aircraft, drones, cruise missiles and precision-guided munitions.
• It will be made capable of interacting with an integrated command and control system (IACCS), an automated air defence command and control centre used by the Indian Air Force (IAF).

The ground systems include Igla, OSA-AK-M, Pechora missiles, Spyder quick-reaction missiles, indigenous Akash area defence missiles and the Barak-8 medium-range SAM systems.

What is Iron Dome?

• It is Israel’s air missile defense systemthat can defend against short-range rockets, intercepting them in the air above the state.
• It is capable of successfully handling multiple rockets at a time.
• Developed by Rafael Advanced Defense Systems and Israel Aerospace Industries, the system became operational in March 2011.
• Features:
• The Iron Dome functions by detecting, analysing, and intercepting varieties of targets such as mortars, rockets, and artillery. 
• It is powered by missile-defense batteries.
• It has all-weather capabilitiesand is able to function night or day.
• It is able to launch a variety of interceptor missiles. 
• It is designed to shoot down missiles with a range of about 40 miles or less.
• It must be reloaded continuously to intercept incoming missiles.

• Defence Minister recently inaugurated the Samvid Gurukulam Girls Sainik School, the 1^st all-girls Sainik School, at Vrindavan in Mathura, Uttar Pradesh.
• Sainik Schools are residential schools that provide public school education with a military bias.

They are affiliated with the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) and are supported by Central and State funding.

• 1^st edition of Exercise Desert Cyclone held recently in Rajasthan.
• It is a Joint Military Exercise between India & UAE.

Aim – To focus on enhancing interoperability and sharing best practices in Urban Operations.