The Great Nicobar Project is a massive infrastructure overhaul that has emerged as a focal point for India’s strategic and developmental ambitions. Piloted by NITI Aayog, the project is valued at an estimated ₹72,000 crore and aims to transform the island while balancing economic growth with environmental preservation.
The development plan is multifaceted, including the construction of:
International Container Transshipment Terminal (ICTT)
Greenfield International Airport
Power plants (solar-based)
Township development to support the growing population and workforce.
The overarching goal is to harness the untapped potential of Great Nicobar Island, which is rich in natural resources, while also ensuring that its ecological integrity and biodiversity are not compromised.
The island's geopolitical location at the southernmost tip of India places it at the intersection of critical maritime trade routes, especially the Malacca Strait, which connects the Indian Ocean with the Pacific Ocean. The island’s proximity to key maritime locations like Sabang (Indonesia) and Coco Island (Myanmar) enhances India’s maritime security and regional influence.
Enhanced Maritime Security: Its location offers a strategic vantage point for controlling vital shipping lanes in the Bay of Bengal.
Military Preparedness: The plan includes building military logistics bases and surveillance infrastructure, which will bolster India’s defense capabilities in the Indo-Pacific region.
Civil Infrastructure: The construction of an International Container Transshipment Terminal (ICTT) and dual-use airports that can serve both civilian and military purposes are key features of the project.
Regional Influence: The project supports India’s Act East Policy and Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR) doctrine, countering the growing Chinese naval presence in the region.
While the project promises significant strategic advantages, it also raises serious environmental and social concerns:
Threat to Endangered Species: The island is home to endangered species like the Nicobar megapode (a ground-dwelling bird) and leatherback turtles. Coastal development and deforestation pose a threat to these species and their habitats.
Deforestation and Habitat Loss: The island’s tropical rainforests and coral reefs are at risk due to large-scale development, which could have irreversible effects on the island's delicate ecosystem.
The island is also home to the Shompen, a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) that remains largely uncontacted. There are concerns that the development could disrupt their way of life, particularly with the establishment of infrastructure like airports and military bases.
National Security Concerns: The government has invoked national security to withhold key environmental impact assessments and deny Right to Information (RTI) requests. This has led to accusations of a transparency deficit and concerns about democratic accountability.
Environmental Clearance Review: The National Green Tribunal (NGT) ordered a review of the environmental clearances, but the findings of the High-Powered Committee (HPC) remain classified, raising doubts about the project's environmental viability.
To address the growing concerns, experts and activists have called for the following actions:
Transparency and Disclosure: The government should make the findings of the High-Powered Committee (HPC) public, with redactions only where national security is at stake. This would ensure greater transparency in decision-making processes.
Engage Stakeholders: There must be institutionalized consultations with tribal councils, environmental experts, and civil society groups to ensure that all perspectives are taken into account.
Strengthen Oversight: Parliamentary committees and independent bodies should be empowered to monitor compliance with ecological standards and ensure the sustainable development of the region.
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are located approximately 1,300 km southeast of the Indian mainland, in the Bay of Bengal. The archipelago is divided into two major groups:
Andaman Islands:
Comprised of North Andaman, Middle Andaman, and South Andaman.
Port Blair, the capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, is located in South Andaman.
Nicobar Islands:
Comprising Northern, Central, and Southern groups.
Great Nicobar is the largest island in the Southern Group, and Indira Point, the southernmost point of India, is located here.
Geological Composition: Many of these islands are volcanic, with tertiary sandstone, limestone, and shale as their primary constituents.
Coral Reefs: The islands are fringed by coral reefs, supporting marine biodiversity.
Saddle Peak: The highest point in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, standing at 737 meters in North Andaman.
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are home to several PVTGs, some of which remain uncontacted:
Great Andamanese (Strait Island)
Onges (Little Andaman)
Jarawas (South and Middle Andaman)
Sentinelese (Sentinel Islands)
Shompens (Great Nicobar)
These communities have unique cultures and ways of life, which could be severely impacted by the development of the region. As a result, any developmental activity must carefully consider the rights and protections for these indigenous tribes.
The Great Nicobar Project represents a significant leap in India's strategic positioning and infrastructure development. However, it must proceed with caution to balance economic growth and national security with the preservation of the island's ecological systems and indigenous communities. By fostering greater transparency, engaging local stakeholders, and maintaining ecological safeguards, India can ensure the project benefits the region without compromising its long-term sustainability
Paithani sarees, often referred to as the "Mahavastra" of Maharashtra, have earned widespread recognition for their rich heritage, luxurious craftsmanship, and symbolic significance in Indian culture. Recently, these sarees have been in the spotlight following a praise from Prime Minister Narendra Modi in his monthly radio program. The PM lauded the traditional craftsmanship and celebrated Paithani sarees as an icon of Maharashtra’s cultural heritage.
Origin:
Paithani sarees are deeply tied to Paithan, a medieval town located along the River Godavari in Maharashtra. This is where the art of weaving these exquisite sarees began, dating back centuries.
Fabric:
The sarees are woven entirely by hand using pure silk and often embellished with gold zari threads, giving them a rich, lustrous finish.
Colors & Design:
Known for their vibrant colors, Paithani sarees feature traditional shades like deep reds, rich greens, royal blues, and golden tones.
The sarees often have distinctive motifs, such as peacocks, lotuses, and parrots, which are woven into the border (kath) and the end-piece (padar).
Cultural Significance:
These sarees have long been favored by Maharashtrian brides and are considered a symbol of luxury and elegance. The six- or nine-yard sarees are typically passed down through generations as treasured family heirlooms.
Handwoven Craftsmanship:
Each Paithani is meticulously handwoven, making each piece a work of art. The weavers employ traditional techniques passed down through generations.
Vibrant, Rich Colors:
The sarees feature a wide array of vibrant hues. The use of pure silk and gold zari threads creates a glossy finish, making them incredibly luxurious.
Motifs and Patterns:
The border (kath) and pallu (padar) of a Paithani saree are its most distinctive features. The motifs often include floral designs, peacocks, and parrots, each representing cultural symbols of prosperity, beauty, and grace.
Symbol of Heritage:
Paithani sarees are regarded as a symbol of Maharashtra's heritage and craftsmanship. They hold a special place in the state’s cultural identity and are an essential part of festive occasions and traditional ceremonies.
Geographical Indication (GI) Tag:
In 2010, Paithani sarees were awarded the Geographical Indication (GI) tag, recognizing their unique craftsmanship and cultural significance. This ensures that the sarees' authenticity is preserved and protected.
Recent cases of Legionnaires' disease have been reported in Central Harlem, New York City, prompting local health authorities to issue a public health advisory.
Legionnaires' disease is a severe form of pneumonia, an infection that affects the lungs and can be fatal if not treated promptly. The disease is caused by the bacterium Legionella, which thrives in freshwater environments such as lakes, rivers, and soil.
Legionella bacteria are found naturally in water sources and can contaminate water systems like cooling towers, hot tubs, or plumbing systems.
Inhalation of aerosolized water containing Legionella bacteria is the primary means of infection. People usually breathe in the bacteria when it is dispersed in small droplets, such as those from a shower, air conditioning units, or humidifiers.
Drinking contaminated water doesn’t generally lead to infection unless the water is accidentally aspirated (inhaled into the lungs).
Legionnaires' disease is not contagious, meaning it cannot be transmitted directly from person to person.
Common symptoms of Legionnaires' disease include:
Fever and chills
Headache
Malaise (a general feeling of illness or discomfort)
Muscle pain (myalgia)
If left untreated, the disease can progress to more severe symptoms, such as:
Severe pneumonia
Respiratory failure
Organ failure
In severe cases, Legionnaires' disease can be fatal. Therefore, early detection and treatment are essential.
Certain groups of people are at a higher risk of contracting Legionnaires' disease:
Older adults, especially those over the age of 50
Individuals with weakened immune systems (such as those with HIV/AIDS, undergoing chemotherapy, or taking immunosuppressive drugs)
People who smoke or have a history of smoking
Those with chronic lung diseases (like COPD)
These individuals may have a harder time fighting off infections, making them more vulnerable to complications from Legionnaires' disease.
Antibiotics are the primary treatment for Legionnaires' disease. When treated promptly, the disease can usually be cured with antibiotics, such as macrolides (azithromycin) or fluoroquinolones (levofloxacin).
However, even with treatment, some individuals may still experience lingering symptoms, such as fatigue and breathing difficulties, after recovery.
To avoid Legionnaires' disease, it's important to maintain and clean water systems, especially in large buildings, where water sources like cooling towers or humidifiers can harbor Legionella bacteria. Regular inspections, cleaning, and disinfection of plumbing and cooling systems can help reduce the risk of contamination.
United States: The Trump administration recognized only two genders—male and female—excluding transgender individuals. This approach raised questions about the rights and recognition of non-binary and transgender people, fueling debate over identity and equality.
United Kingdom (2024): In a landmark ruling, the UK Supreme Court upheld that only two biological sexes—male and female—are recognized in certain legal and sporting contexts. This ruling particularly impacts transgender women athletes (biological males identifying as women), potentially barring them from competing in female-only sports to ensure fairness and safety.
Hungary: The Hungarian government imposed a ban on Pride Parades citing concerns over public order and morality. This marks a significant step backward in the recognition of LGBTQ+ rights in Hungary.
Russia: In a highly controversial move, Russia has banned legal gender change, preventing individuals from altering gender markers on official documents. This ban also extends to gender reassignment surgeries, pushing back transgender rights and recognition.
These developments across the globe reflect a growing conservative pushback against the rights of transgender and LGBTQ+ individuals, questioning the pace and extent of societal and legal inclusion of diverse gender identities.
India's legal and constitutional framework has progressively advanced in recognizing the rights of LGBTQIA+ individuals, especially transgender people.
Decriminalization of Homosexuality: In the landmark Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018) case, Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code was partially struck down, decriminalizing consensual same-sex relationships between adults.
Transgender Rights: In NALSA v. Union of India (2014), the Indian Supreme Court recognized the right to self-identify gender and granted legal recognition to transgender individuals as a third gender. This was a monumental step in acknowledging the rights of transgender persons, affirming their dignity and fundamental rights under Article 14 (Right to Equality), Article 15 (Non-discrimination), and Article 21 (Right to Life and Personal Liberty) of the Indian Constitution.
Legislation: The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019 legally recognized transgender identities and protected against discrimination. However, challenges remain, especially regarding same-sex marriage (denied by the 2023 Supreme Court judgment) and adoption rights.
Recent Rulings: Progressive court decisions have been made, such as recognizing gender-neutral parenthood (Kerala), the right of transgender women to file complaints against domestic cruelty (Andhra Pradesh), and the right to form chosen families (Madras).
Despite legal strides, transgender individuals in India face persistent challenges:
Social Stigma and Exclusion: Transgender persons continue to experience deep-rooted social prejudices, resulting in ostracization from their families and communities.
Discrimination in Public Spaces: Widespread discrimination occurs in transport, healthcare, and government offices, limiting their access to essential services.
Education Barriers: Many transgender individuals face bullying, harassment, and gender-based violence, leading to high school dropout rates. There are few gender-inclusive policies in educational institutions.
Employment Discrimination: Transgender people often face significant barriers to formal employment, forcing many into informal, unsafe, and exploitative sectors like begging or sex work.
Healthcare Exclusion: A lack of gender-affirmative healthcare and discriminatory practices by medical professionals force many transgender individuals to seek care in the private sector, often at high costs.
Violence and Abuse: Transgender people are victimized by verbal, physical, and sexual violence both in public and private spaces, with limited legal recourse. Police harassment and custodial violence are common.
Political Underrepresentation: Transgender individuals have limited political representation, leaving their needs and issues unaddressed in policymaking.
Human Dignity and Identity: Legal recognition affirms the dignity and self-respect of individuals, allowing them to live authentically without fear or discrimination.
Social Inclusion: Recognizing the third gender opens the door to equal access to education, employment, healthcare, and public services.
Correcting Historical Injustice: Recognition provides an opportunity to address the historical marginalization of transgender individuals and integrate them into mainstream society.
International Human Rights Standards: International bodies, such as the UN Human Rights Council and UNDP, advocate for the legal recognition of gender diversity as part of global human rights obligations.
Gender Justice and Equality: Legal recognition ensures that all gender identities are treated equally under the law, promoting social justice.
Economic and Social Protection: Legal recognition helps target affirmative action policies and welfare programs that address the unique challenges faced by transgender and non-binary individuals.
Cultural and Religious Resistance: In conservative societies, particularly in Africa and the Middle East, the recognition of a third gender is often seen as a violation of traditional gender roles rooted in religion and cultural values.
Risk of Misuse: Opponents argue that self-identification (without medical or psychological assessments) could be misused, leading to fraudulent claims for benefits or evading gender-specific obligations, like military service.
Impact on Gender-Specific Spaces: Some critics fear that including third-gender individuals in gender-segregated spaces (like prisons or restrooms) may undermine women’s safety or create unfair competition in sports.
Lack of Consensus: There is no clear global consensus on the definition of third gender, leading to concerns that recognition might create administrative and legal ambiguities.
Prioritization of Needs: Critics argue that in developing countries, issues like poverty, healthcare, and education should take precedence over gender identity recognition, which some see as a Western-driven or elite agenda.
While recognizing a third gender is a step toward inclusivity and human dignity, concerns related to cultural norms, administrative complexity, and social ethics need to be addressed. These challenges often arise from institutional inertia and lack of awareness, rather than objective harm.
The recognition of gender diversity is not just about identity, but also about inclusion, justice, and human rights. It reflects a commitment to gender equality, as societies evolve to respect and embrace diversity in line with global human rights standards and constitutional values.
Universal Adult Suffrage (Article 326 of the Indian Constitution) ensures that every citizen aged 18 and above has the right to vote in Lok Sabha (Parliament) and State Legislative Assembly elections. This is irrespective of caste, gender, religion, or economic status.
The Election Commission of India (ECI), an autonomous constitutional body (Article 324), is responsible for ensuring free and fair elections.
Internal migration in India is massive. As per the 2011 Census, there are over 450 million internal migrants, and by 2023, this number crossed 600 million.
Internal migrants move within the country for various reasons, including employment, education, marriage, and displacement due to natural disasters or economic factors. They form a significant portion of India's workforce, especially in urban centers and industrial hubs.
Migration is also concentrated in specific states like Bihar, which experiences significant out-migration.
Low Voter Participation:
In the 2024 Lok Sabha elections, Bihar's voter turnout was just 56%, much lower than the national average of 66%, largely due to migrants being unable to return home to vote. Migrants often miss elections due to geographical distance and financial constraints.
Legal and Administrative Barriers:
Under the Representation of the People Act, 1951, a person can only vote at their registered polling station, which is typically their place of origin.
Migrants often do not update their voter registration details at their new locations, either due to lack of address proof or frequent movement. Around 99% of migrants fail to update their voter registration.
Distance and Financial Burden:
Migrants working hundreds of kilometers away face high travel costs, lost wages, and disruption to family life (such as children missing school), making it difficult for them to return to vote.
Gender-Specific Constraints:
Migrant women, particularly those who move after marriage, face additional barriers like child care responsibilities, uncertain housing, and safety concerns, which limit their ability to vote.
Statutory Holidays:
Enforcing polling day holidays in state-specific sectors could allow migrant workers to take time off from work and travel to vote.
Government-Organized Transport:
The government could arrange transport services for migrant workers, enabling them to travel at no cost or minimal cost to their hometowns on voting day.
Remote Electronic Voting Machines (RVMs):
ECI has piloted Remote Electronic Voting Machines (RVMs) capable of managing elections across multiple constituencies. This would allow migrants to vote remotely from their current location.
However, concerns about voter identification, security, and transparency from some political parties need to be addressed before full-scale implementation.
Postal Ballots:
Postal ballots are already used for the armed forces and could be expanded to include migrant workers. However, logistical issues like early registration, ballot issuance, and counting must be streamlined for efficiency.
Constituency Switching:
Migrants who have lived in a new location for at least six months could switch constituencies, allowing them to vote in local elections.
This could improve political inclusivity, though social resistance from long-term residents might arise.
A large portion of migrants are women, particularly those who relocate after marriage. Targeted voter registration drives in their new communities could help integrate them into the political process, ensuring they are registered and empowered to vote.
New Zealand: Non-citizens with permanent residency can vote in national elections after just one year of residency.
Chile & Ecuador: Allow non-citizens with legal residency to vote in both local and national elections after five years of residence.
Norway: Foreign nationals can vote in local elections after just three years of residence.
European Union: EU citizens living in another EU country can vote in local and European Parliament elections, but not usually in national elections.
Mexico: Citizens abroad can vote in national elections, even via in-person voting at consulates.
Italy, Colombia, Dominican Republic: Reserve seats in their national legislatures specifically for citizens abroad.
France & Canada: Offer postal or consular voting for citizens living abroad.
Given the diverse nature of migrant populations in India , varying by geography, work type, and tenure of stay a one-size-fits-all solution is unlikely to be effective. Instead, a combination of approaches should be considered:
RVMs for short-term, inter-State migrants: Technology can bridge the gap for migrants in far-off states, enabling them to vote remotely.
Postal ballots for those in stable, long-term employment away from their home constituencies.
Constituency switching for long-term migrants who can demonstrate residence for at least six months.
Local support measures for intra-state migrants to assist in accessing voting facilities, such as organized transport or enforced holidays.
Targeted voter registration drives for migrant women to ensure their political inclusion.
A hybrid strategy that caters to the heterogeneity of India's migrant population would be the most practical path toward ensuring that every Indian regardless of their location can fully participate in the democratic process and exercise their right to vote.
As India’s urban population continues to grow rapidly, achieving gender equity in urban governance is essential for building inclusive, sustainable, and resilient cities. The exclusion of women and gender minorities from urban governance leads to urban planning failures that disproportionately affect these groups, thereby exacerbating social and economic disparities.
Over 4 billion people globally now live in urban areas, with projections indicating 68% of the world’s population will reside in cities by 2050 (UN projections).
The rise of megacities (cities with populations over 10 million) is anticipated to increase significantly by 2035.
As of 2022, 35% of India’s population lives in urban areas, which is expected to surpass 600 million by 2030 and exceed 800 million by 2050.
Despite women comprising about 50% of the urban population, they represent just 20% of the Indian Administrative Services (IAS) as of 2022. Their presence is even lower in urban planning, engineering, and transport.
In policing, women account for only 11.7% of the total police force (2023 data, Bureau of Police Research and Development).
Policy Blind Spots:
Urban policies that do not reflect the needs of women and gender minorities often fail to address issues that disproportionately affect them, such as unsafe public transportation, lack of street lighting, and inadequate sanitation facilities.
These gaps undermine women's mobility and safety, exacerbating gender inequalities in urban spaces.
Loss of Human Capital:
Excluding women from leadership and decision-making roles wastes a significant pool of talent, skills, and leadership potential that could significantly enhance urban governance.
Widening Inequality:
When urban planning does not account for gendered experiences, it perpetuates existing social and economic disparities, especially for women in low-income or marginalized communities.
Missed Innovation:
Gender-inclusive bureaucracies are more likely to come up with innovative solutions to complex urban challenges, from climate resilience to smart city initiatives.
Undermining Global Goals:
Gender equity is integral to achieving Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 5 (Gender Equality) and contributes to several other SDGs. Ignoring gender considerations stalls global development commitments.
India has initiated several reforms and strategies aimed at improving gender equity in urban governance, though much work remains to ensure broad implementation and long-term sustainability.
Gender-responsive budgeting (GRB) is an important tool to ensure that budgetary allocations are designed with a gender perspective in mind.
India’s Gender Budget Statement (GBS), introduced in 2005-06, aims to incorporate gender considerations in public expenditure, but only a few states have operationalized it effectively.
Delhi has introduced women-only buses and street lighting initiatives to improve women’s mobility and safety.
Tamil Nadu has applied GRB across 64 departments in the 2022-23 budget.
Kerala has integrated gender goals through its People’s Plan Campaign.
The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments mandated 33% reservation for women in local governance, and many states have increased this to 50%.
As a result, women now make up over 46% of local elected representatives, signaling growing political empowerment.
JNNURM emphasized inclusive urban planning, with gender mainstreaming as a key strategy.
Provisions include:
Gender-sensitive infrastructure development.
Inclusion of women in City Development Plans (CDPs).
Capacity building for women’s participation in governance.
Some cities under the Smart Cities Mission and Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) have adopted gender audits, inclusive mobility plans, and safety-focused urban design.
Kudumbashree (Kerala): A globally recognized model of women-led urban development, empowering women to play key roles in local governance and urban management.
Jalasathi Model (Odisha): Engages women Self-Help Group (SHG) members as frontline service providers for urban water supply.
Gender Budgeting in Kochi: Allocates specific funds for programs that address women’s safety, mobility, and economic empowerment.
Philippines: Mandates 5% of local budgets for gender-related programs.
Rwanda: Integrates Gender-Responsive Budgeting (GRB) into national planning with active oversight bodies.
Mexico: Ties GRB to outcomes through results-based budgeting.
Uganda: Requires gender equity certificates for fund approvals.
South Africa: Uses participatory planning to ground GRB in lived experiences.
Inclusive cities need women not only as elected representatives but also as administrators, planners, engineers, and police officers. To achieve this:
Affirmative action: Provide quotas and scholarships in technical education to encourage more women to enter urban governance and planning fields.
Recruitment reforms: Ensure gender-sensitive hiring in Urban Local Governments (ULGs).
Retention policies: Develop workplace support systems and promotion pathways to retain and advance women in urban administration.
As India strives to become a $5 trillion economy, its cities must evolve as inclusive spaces. This requires:
Mandatory gender audits in urban planning and development projects.
Institutionalizing GRB across all Urban Local Governments (ULGs).
Participatory budgeting linked with impact evaluations.
Creation of local gender equity councils, particularly in small and transitional cities.
Offer gender-sensitization training, leadership development programs, and technical mentorship for women in urban planning and policy-making.
Create dedicated Gender Equity Cells in municipal offices to conduct impact assessments of major urban projects and ensure gender-sensitive implementation.
Achieving gender equity in urban governance requires a multi-pronged approach, involving the reform of urban bureaucracies, political empowerment, and the institutionalization of gender-sensitive policies. By adopting and scaling successful models from within India and globally, India can build cities that are not only economic engines but also inclusive spaces where women and gender minorities can actively participate in shaping their urban futures.
Majuli Island, the world’s largest river island located in Assam, is known for its unique cultural heritage and ecological challenges. The island, surrounded by the Brahmaputra River in the south and the Subansiri River in the north, faces a significant issue riverbank erosion, which threatens the livelihoods of its residents, particularly rice farmers, and the island’s delicate ecosystem.
In a bid to combat this environmental crisis, the local residents of Majuli have discovered a remarkable and innovative way to prevent further erosion by planting Kanchan trees along the riverbanks. This method has shown great promise in stabilizing the soil and protecting the island from the incessant erosion caused by the shifting river currents.
Location: Situated in Assam, Majuli is the largest river island in the world, formed by the Brahmaputra River in the south and the Kherkutia Xuti, a branch of the Brahmaputra, in the north.
Size: The island covers an area of approximately 1,250 square kilometers (though this fluctuates due to erosion).
Geography: Majuli is characterized by lush greenery, water bodies, and expansive paddy fields. The fertile land makes it an ideal location for agriculture, especially rice cultivation.
Rice Farming: The primary livelihood of Majuli’s residents is rice cultivation. The region grows several unique rice varieties, such as Komal Saul and Bao Dhan, which are highly regarded for their taste and quality.
Traditional Practices: Rice farming is deeply integrated with local traditions and culture. The land is cultivated using traditional farming techniques, which are often threatened by the erosion of riverbanks.
Tribal Communities: Majuli is home to tribal communities, including the Mishing, Deori, and Sonowal Kachari tribes, with a smaller population of non-tribal Assamese.
Neo-Vaishnavism: The island is also a hub of Assamese neo-Vaishnavite culture, initiated by the revered Assamese saint-reformer Srimanta Sankerdeva in the 16th century.
This culture is preserved through Satras (monastic institutions) that continue to play a vital role in promoting Sattriya dance, literature, bhaona (theatre), mask-making, and other cultural expressions.
Mask-Making and Pottery: The island is famous for its mask-making tradition, where craftsmen create unique masks used in cultural performances and religious rituals. Pottery making is another long-standing traditional craft.
Root System: The deep and extensive roots of the Kanchan trees bind the soil, making it more resistant to the powerful forces of water.
Soil Stabilization: The trees absorb moisture and help in holding the soil together, which is essential in preventing erosion during the monsoon season when water levels are at their highest.
Sustainability: Kanchan trees are hardy and well-suited to the region’s ecosystem, making them a sustainable solution for long-term erosion control.
The efforts by the residents of Majuli Island to combat riverbank erosion by planting Kanchan trees exemplify how traditional knowledge and community-driven solutions can effectively address environmental challenges. This sustainable approach not only helps protect the island’s landscape and agricultural livelihood but also preserves the rich cultural heritage of the island. It is an inspiring example of how local communities can lead the charge in environmental conservation and climate change adaptation.
A recent citizen science study has estimated that Kerala is home to a population of approximately 20,000 to 30,000 Golden Jackals. This study highlights the importance of citizen involvement in wildlife monitoring and the value of collective efforts in understanding the distribution and conservation status of species.
Scientific Name: Canis aureus
Common Name: Golden Jackal (also known as the Common Jackal)
Physical Description: The Golden Jackal is a medium-sized canid resembling a wolf. It has a sleek golden-brown coat, which is where it gets its name. It has pointed ears, a bushy tail, and a keen sense of smell.
Activity: Golden Jackals are primarily nocturnal in areas where humans are present, helping them avoid human activity. In more remote areas, they can also be partly diurnal.
Shelter: These animals are known for their adaptable nature when it comes to shelter. They either dig their own burrows or take refuge in natural caves, crevices in rocks, or abandoned burrows of other animals.
Social Structure: Golden Jackals are monogamous and typically live in mated pairs. They form tight-knit family units and may even work together to hunt or protect their territory.
Omnivorous Diet: Golden Jackals are opportunistic foragers, which means they will eat whatever is available to them. They have an omnivorous diet, consisting of:
Small mammals like rodents and rabbits
Birds
Fruits and berries
Insects
Carrion (dead animals)
Preferred Habitat: Golden Jackals thrive in a variety of habitats, but they are most commonly found in valleys, along rivers, tributaries, canals, lakes, and even seashores. They are rare in the foothills and low mountains.
Geographical Range: Their distribution spans across North and East Africa, Southeastern Europe, and South Asia, extending all the way to Burma.
In India, the Golden Jackal is widely distributed, from the Himalayan foothills to the Western Ghats, and throughout the Deccan Plateau.
IUCN: Least Concern
The Golden Jackal is not currently at risk of extinction and is classified as "Least Concern" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
CITES: Appendix III
While not threatened globally, the species is listed under Appendix III of CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species), which means that international trade is monitored and regulated.
Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I
The Golden Jackal is listed under Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act of 1972, which provides it with a high level of protection from poaching and trade.
The SOFI Report 2025 offers a detailed overview of global food insecurity and hunger in 2024, highlighting both progress and ongoing challenges. The report underscores that hunger continues to affect 720 million people worldwide, or about 8.2% of the global population, a figure still higher than pre-pandemic levels.
Global Hunger Trends:
In 2024, hunger affected 720 million people worldwide, which is 8.2% of the global population.
This represents a modest improvement from previous years, as the percentage of undernourished people had been higher in 2023 (8.5%) and 2022 (8.7%). However, global hunger remains above pre-pandemic levels and is still higher than in 2015.
Food Insecurity:
The report reveals that 2.3 billion people around the world were either moderately or severely food insecure in 2024. This figure reflects a significant increase compared to 2015.
96 million more people are facing chronic hunger now compared to 2015, underlining the ongoing impact of global crises, including the COVID-19 pandemic.
Regional Disparities:
Asia continues to have the highest number of undernourished people, with approximately 323 million.
Africa follows closely with 307 million, and despite recent declines in hunger in regions like Southeast Asia, Southern Asia, and South America, Africa faces rising levels of food insecurity.
Latin America & the Caribbean has a relatively smaller proportion, with 34 million people facing hunger.
Prevalence of Hunger:
In Africa, more than one in five people (over 20%) are facing chronic hunger.
In Asia, while the number of undernourished people is large, the prevalence of hunger is still lower than in Africa.
Projected Hunger in 2030:
The report forecasts that by 2030, the number of undernourished people worldwide could decrease to around 512 million (roughly 6% of the global population). However, Africa will continue to bear the heaviest burden, with 60% of the world's undernourished people residing there.
Economic and Nutritional Access:
A significant 55.6% of people in India are unable to afford a healthy diet, which illustrates the economic barriers to food security that exist even in rapidly developing economies.
Challenges in Meeting SDGs:
The SOFI Report 2025 emphasizes the struggle in meeting the UN’s Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) of Zero Hunger by 2030, as global hunger remains deeply entrenched, particularly in certain regions.
Despite efforts, global hunger in 2024 is still higher than the levels in 2015, when the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development was launched.
The SOFI Report 2025 highlights the immense challenges the world faces in eradicating hunger and achieving food security for all. While there has been some progress, particularly in reducing hunger in certain regions, the problem remains disproportionately high in Africa and is exacerbated by ongoing global challenges like economic instability, climate change, and political conflicts.
The recent Supreme Court judgment in the case of K. Uma Devi vs State of Tamil Nadu marks a landmark shift in recognizing maternity rights as a Fundamental Right under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution. This ruling is significant because it underscores the constitutional duty of the state to provide maternity benefits, elevating the issue of maternal welfare to a matter of fundamental human dignity and equality.
Maternity Benefit Act (1961):
The initial legislation aimed at regulating the conditions for working women during pregnancy and after childbirth. It provided 12 weeks of paid maternity leave and protected women from dismissal during maternity leave.
However, it primarily applied to women working in the organized sector, leaving out a significant portion of the female workforce in the unorganized sector (e.g., domestic workers, agricultural laborers, contract workers).
Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act (2017):
Increased paid maternity leave from 12 weeks to 26 weeks for women working in establishments with 10 or more employees, making India one of the few countries offering such an extensive leave duration.
This Act significantly improved protections for working women in the formal sector, but there are still gaps in coverage for those working in the unorganized sector.
Organized vs Unorganized Sector Divide:
Over 90% of working women in India are in the unorganized sector, where the Maternity Benefit Act doesn’t apply. These women often lack formal employment contracts, health coverage, and awareness of their rights.
Domestic workers, agriculture workers, and those in informal labor markets suffer from insufficient or no maternity protection.
Financial Burden on Employers:
The employer-funded model for maternity leave, where the employer bears the full cost of paid leave, has raised concerns, especially for small and medium enterprises (SMEs). This has led to calls for a more sustainable financing model, possibly through social insurance or state-supported schemes.
Limited Paternity Leave:
India's maternity laws offer no corresponding rights for fathers. The absence of paternity leave continues to reinforce gendered caregiving norms and places an uneven burden on working mothers.
Enforcement and Awareness Issues:
Low compliance and awareness, particularly in non-metro regions and among women in informal sectors, mean that many are unaware of their rights or lack effective grievance redressal mechanisms.
According to a study of 82 countries, about 44% fund maternity benefits through social security contributions, while only 15%, including India, rely solely on employer funding. The employer-funded model is increasingly viewed as unsustainable, especially as the number of women in the informal sector grows.
Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY):
A cash incentive of ₹5,000 to pregnant and lactating women for the first live birth, partially compensating for wage loss and promoting health-seeking behaviors.
Employees’ State Insurance Corporation (ESIC):
A more stable, employer-employee contribution-based model that provides 100% of daily wages for 26 weeks of maternity leave for women in the formal sector. However, it’s limited to those working in establishments covered by the ESIC scheme.
Maternity Benefit Fund (Proposed):
The proposed Maternity Benefit Fund aims to support SMEs and the informal sector by pooling contributions from the government, employers, and employees. This would create a more inclusive and sustainable financing model.
Dr. Muthulakshmi Reddy Maternity Benefit Scheme (Tamil Nadu):
A state-specific initiative offering ₹18,000 in phased payments, significantly higher than the central allocation.
Maternity as a Fundamental Right: The Court declared maternity rights as part of the right to life and dignity under Article 21 of the Constitution, thus elevating its legal status and enforceability.
The Court’s Reference to International Norms:
It referenced key international conventions such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, CEDAW (Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women ) and the ILO Maternity Protection Convention (C183).
The Court noted that 123 countries offer fully paid maternity leave, benefiting 90% of mothers globally. This aligns India with the best practices globally and strengthens its case for further reforms.
The Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 was reaffirmed as the normative framework, and the State was recognized as constitutionally obligated to implement maternity benefits non-discriminatory manner across various employment sectors.
Public Financing and Social Insurance Models:
A move toward social insurance models and public financing schemes could help relieve the financial burden on employers, particularly SMEs, and make maternity benefits more sustainable and equitable.
The World Social Protection Report 2024–26 by ILO suggests tax-financed or contributory schemes that can provide universal coverage.
Inclusive Coverage:
Expanding coverage to women in the unorganized sector remains a critical challenge. Social protection schemes, like the Maternity Benefit Fund, should be extended to include informal workers to ensure they don’t miss out on maternity benefits.
Gender-Equal Policies:
India needs to introduce and improve paternity leave policies to create a more gender-balanced approach to caregiving, thereby reducing the disproportionate caregiving burden on mothers.
Awareness and Enforcement:
There needs to be a strengthened enforcement mechanism and awareness programs, especially in rural and informal sectors, to ensure that women know their rights and can effectively claim maternity benefits.
Global Comparisons:
India’s position is improving compared to the International Labour Organization’s (ILO) standards, but as the Supreme Court judgment suggests, there is still a long way to go. Continuous reforms and monitoring are necessary to align with global best practices.
In conclusion, the Supreme Court's K. Uma Devi judgment is a significant milestone in recognizing maternity rights as a fundamental right, setting the stage for more inclusive, sustainable, and gender-equal policies in India. However, it also highlights the need for structural reforms, especially regarding the financing of maternity leave and extending coverage to the informal sector.
Exercise Divya Drishti was a significant high-altitude military exercise conducted by the Indian Army in the East Sikkim region, showcasing the Army's readiness to incorporate advanced military technologies into its operations. The exercise was aimed at testing and refining new tools that enhance battlefield awareness, real-time surveillance, and decision-making speed.
High-Altitude Technology Demonstration:
Exercise Divya Drishti was held in the high-altitude terrains of East Sikkim, an area known for its challenging mountainous environment. This setting allowed the Army to evaluate the effectiveness of advanced technologies in difficult terrain and realistic conditions.
Objectives:
The primary goal of the exercise was to test the integration of new technologies in improving the Indian Army's battlefield awareness. The focus was on developing systems that can provide real-time surveillance, enhance situational awareness, and improve quick decision-making.
Technologies Tested:
AI-enabled sensors: The exercise incorporated artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance sensor capabilities, which were connected to advanced communication systems. This integration allowed for real-time data flow between different command centres, providing the necessary intelligence for more precise and quicker decisions.
UAVs and Drones: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and drones were deployed to simulate a variety of battlefield scenarios, creating realistic battle scenes. These aerial platforms played a significant role in surveillance, reconnaissance, and real-time communication.
Ground-based Systems: Along with aerial platforms, the exercise also utilized ground-based systems to create a seamless flow of information between command posts and ground units.
Enhanced Sensor-to-Shooter Link:
A key highlight was the creation of a strong sensor-to-shooter link, where data collected from sensors on the battlefield could be directly linked to fire control systems. This allowed for quick and accurate targeting, improving the response time during engagements.
Integration of Modern Technologies:
The exercise focused on the integration of AI, advanced communication networks, and real-time data flow to ensure the Army’s modernization in line with the changing nature of warfare.
The use of AI to process battlefield information and connect ground systems with aerial platforms aims to provide a 360-degree view of the operational environment, improving decision-making accuracy and tactical advantage.
Troops Involved:
The Trishakti Corps, based in Siliguri, played a key role in the exercise. This corps is crucial in operations along the northeastern borders of India, making the exercise particularly relevant to the country’s defense strategy in these areas.
Real-Time Surveillance & Decision-Making: By incorporating AI, drones, and sensors, the exercise aimed to test how quickly the Indian Army could analyze and react to battlefield situations in a high-stress environment. The goal was to ensure superior situational awareness, allowing soldiers to make faster and more accurate decisions.
Strategic Importance: The exercise was a vital step in strengthening India's defensive capabilities in the northeastern region, particularly considering the geopolitical sensitivity of areas like Sikkim and the border regions with China.
Technological Advancements: The use of AI and UAVs in such exercises aligns with India's ongoing efforts to modernize its military by integrating cutting-edge technologies. This demonstration highlights the military’s focus on becoming more tech-savvy and digitally connected, which is crucial in contemporary warfare.
A tragic stampede occurred near the Mansa Devi Temple in Haridwar, Uttarakhand, recently, resulting in the loss of eight lives and leaving 28 others injured.
The Mansa Devi Temple is one of the most revered Hindu temples, dedicated to Goddess Mansa Devi, a form of Shakti (a manifestation of Goddess Durga). The temple holds significant spiritual and cultural importance in India, especially for devotees of the Shakti tradition.
Location:
Situated atop the Bilwa Parvat on the Sivalik Hills, it offers breathtaking views of the city of Haridwar and the surrounding Himalayan range. The temple's location makes it a prominent pilgrimage destination for thousands of devotees every year.
Historical Significance:
The temple is one of the Panch Tirth (Five Pilgrimages) in Haridwar, which are considered to be the most sacred spots for Hindus.
The main temple was constructed by Maharaja Gopal Singh of Manimajra between 1811-1815, and since then, it has been an integral part of the religious landscape of Uttarakhand.
Temple Complex:
The temple complex spans 100 acres, making it a large and sprawling religious site. The temple is built in traditional North Indian architectural style and houses two main deities: Mansa Devi and her sister Chandi Devi.
Religious Importance:
Mansa Devi is worshipped as the goddess who fulfills the wishes of devotees, making it a sought-after pilgrimage site for those seeking blessings and prosperity. The temple is considered a major center for Shakti worship in Northern India.
Attraction for Pilgrims:
The temple attracts a large number of devotees, especially during festivals such as Navratri and Makar Sankranti, when special rituals and prayers are performed. Devotees often climb the hill to reach the temple, though many opt for the cable car ride, which provides a scenic and convenient ascent.
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Every aspirant is unique and the mentoring is customised according to the strengths and weaknesses of the aspirant.
In every Lecture. Director Sir will provide conceptual understanding with around 800 Mindmaps.
We provide you the best and Comprehensive content which comes directly or indirectly in UPSC Exam.
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