Q. Why did human development fail to keep pace with economic development in India?
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The divergence observed between economic development and human development in India is a result of various intricate and interconnected factors:
Income Disparities:
The divergence observed between economic development and human development in India is a result of various intricate and interconnected factors:
Income Disparities:
Ongoing income inequality in India predominantly favors the affluent, impeding fair access to healthcare, education, and essential services for a considerable segment of the population.
Educational Challenges:
Despite economic advancements, India grapples with educational issues such as high dropout rates, insufficient infrastructure, and subpar quality, limiting the development of human capital and workforce engagement.
Healthcare Disparities:
Disparities in healthcare access, particularly in rural areas, contribute to elevated disease prevalence and child mortality rates, influencing human development indicators. Limited access to clean water and sanitation compounds these challenges.
Gender Inequality:
Gender disparities in India curtail women's access to education, healthcare, and economic opportunities. Gender-based violence and discrimination further impede their overall development.
Social Marginalization:
Historical marginalization through India's caste system and social hierarchies restricts opportunities for certain communities, impacting their development outcomes significantly.
Inadequate Social Safety Measures:
India's welfare initiatives often inadequately address the needs of vulnerable populations, providing limited protection against poverty and malnutrition.
Environmental Deterioration:
Unsustainable development and environmental degradation for economic growth pose long-term threats, with climate change, pollution, and Resource depletion jeopardizing overall well-being.
Governance Issues:
Weak governance, corruption, and bureaucratic inefficiencies can impede the effective implementation of policies and programs.
Despite these challenges, India has made substantial strides in social, economic, and political realms over the years, with human development progressively aligning with the pace of economic growth. For instance, India's Human Development Index (HDI) score increased from 0.429 in 1990 to 0.633 by 2021.