Context: On January 6 Aditya-L1 reached its destination, around the L1 Lagrange point, from where it will have an unfettered view of the sun for its expected lifetime of five years.

Overview of ISRO:

• The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is the space agency of the Government of India, established in 1969, with headquarters in Bengaluru, Karnataka.
• It is recognized for its cost-effective and innovative approach to space missions, achieving milestones in space exploration and satellite technology.

Notable Achievements:

• ISRO launched its first satellite, Aryabhata, in 1975.
• Global recognition came with the successful launch of the Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan) in 2013, making India the first Asian nation to reach Martian orbit on its maiden attempt.

Diverse Portfolio:

• ISRO's portfolio includes satellite communication, Earth observation, navigation, scientific research, and interplanetary exploration.
• Key launch vehicles include Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV).

Aditya-L1 Mission:

• Aditya-L1 is an observatory-class solar mission focusing on studying the sun with seven instruments.
• Instruments include VELC, SUIT, SoLEXS, HEL1OS, ASPEX, PAPA, and digital magnetometers.
• Positioned at L1 Lagrange point, 1.5 million km from Earth, Aditya-L1 can stay there with minimal fuel consumption.

Historical Context:

• Aditya-L1 builds upon India's history of solar observation, dating back to the Kodaikanal Solar Observatory in 1901.
• The mission follows XPoSat and AstroSat, contributing to India's achievements in space observation.

Public Perception Challenges:

• Public perception may not fully appreciate achievements like Aditya-L1 and AstroSat compared to telescopes like the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST).
• Expectations for hi-res photographs from Indian spacecraft may lead to disillusionment.

James Webb Space Telescope (JWST):

• JWST is a collaborative project involving NASA, ESA, and CSA, designed for infrared astronomy.
• Its high-resolution instruments allow observation of distant objects and detailed study of exoplanets' atmospheres.

Recommendations for ISRO:

• ISRO could enhance public outreach efforts, organizing open days and regularly sharing science communication on mission results.
• Encouragement for public celebration of achievements, considering public interest in mission components.

Context: Jallikattu, the traditional bull-taming sport, kicked off the year in Tamil Nadu with an event in Thachankurichi village featuring 500 bulls and heavy security.

About:

• Jallikattu is a traditional sport deeply rooted in the culture of Tamil Nadu, India.
• Celebrated during the Tamil harvest festival, Pongal, in January, the event involves releasing a wild bull into a crowd.
• Participants aim to grab the bull's hump and ride it or bring it under control.

Concerns Associated:

• The central issue revolves around whether Jallikattu merits constitutional protection as a collective cultural right under Article 29 (1).
• This fundamental right safeguards citizens' educational and cultural rights.
• Key considerations include assessing if the practices entail cruelty to animals or contribute to the preservation of native bull breeds.
•  The legal framework is also evaluated concerning Article 48, emphasizing modernizing agriculture and animal husbandry.

Legal Interventions:

• In 2011, the Centre prohibited the training and exhibition of bulls.
• The Supreme Court, in a 2014 judgment (Animal Welfare Board of India vs A. Nagaraja), banned Jallikattu due to concerns about cruelty to animals.
•  Subsequently, in 2018, the Supreme Court referred the case to a Constitution Bench.
• The bone of contention lies in the 2017 Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Tamil Nadu Amendment) Act and the 2017 Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Conduct of Jallikattu) Rules, which reopened the possibility of conducting Jallikattu despite the 2014 ban.

Context: The beneficiaries of Viksit Bharat Sankalp Yatra  thanked PM for One District One Product Scheme.

About One District One Product Initiative (ODOP)

• The ODOP initiative is designed to stimulate economic growth at the district level by endorsing and branding a distinctive product from each district across the country.
• The fundamental idea is to harness the local potential, Resources, skills, and cultural identity of each district, establishing a unique market presence both domestically and internationally.
• With a comprehensive selection of over 1000 products spanning various sectors, including textiles, agriculture, processed goods, pharmaceuticals, and industrial items, the initiative aims to foster a diversified economic landscape.

Global Recognition:

Several ODOP products gained international exposure at the World Economic Forum in January 2023. Displayed at the Indian Pavilion in Davos, Switzerland, these products showcased the innovation and diversity inherent in India's district-specific offerings.

Origins and Adoption:

Initially launched by the Uttar Pradesh government in January 2018, the ODOP scheme proved successful in revitalizing traditional industries and crafts within the state. Inspired by this success, the central government embraced the concept, transforming it into a national initiative.

Implementation:

• Implementation of the ODOP initiative varies across sectors. The Ministry of Food Processing Industries oversees its execution in the food processing sector, while the Ministry of Textile inaugurated the 'Lota Shop' to exhibit and sell ODOP products.
• Additionally, the Directorate General of Foreign Trade aligned its 'Districts as an Export Hub' initiative with ODOP to enhance exports.

Key Significance:

Economic Development:  ODOP strives to fortify local economies by identifying and developing a distinctive product or craft for each district, establishing it as a specialty. This approach creates a diversified and sustainable economic foundation, fostering increased income generation, employment opportunities, and overall economic growth.

Entrepreneurship and Skill Development:  Encouraging local entrepreneurship, ODOP provides a focused approach to specific products and crafts. The initiative aims to offer skill development, capacity building, and technical support to artisans and entrepreneurs, enhancing their production capabilities, product quality, and market reach. This promotes self-employment and cultivates a culture of innovation.

Preserving Traditional Knowledge and Heritage: Recognizing India's rich heritage of traditional crafts deeply embedded in the cultural fabric of each district, ODOP seeks to preserve and promote these arts, crafts, and industries. This is crucial in the face of globalization and changing consumer preferences.

Market Linkages and Branding: ODOP concentrates on establishing market linkages and a robust marketing ecosystem for local products. Leveraging the unique characteristics of each district's product, the initiative facilitates the creation of niche markets, attracts buyers, and enhances exports, thereby invigorating the local economy.

The Minister of State for Defence recently flagged off the indigenously developed Astra Missiles for supply to the Indian Air Force (IAF) at Bharat Dynamics in Hyderabad.

Astra Missile

• Astra is a beyond-visual-range (BVR) air-to-air missile designed to be mounted on fighter aircraft. 
• It is indigenously developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and manufactured by Bharat Dynamics Ltd. (BDL) for the Indian Air Force (IAF).
• The missile is designed to engage and destroy highly manoeuvring supersonic aircraft.
• It is the best in its class of weapon systems in the world in the category of air-to-air missiles.
• The missile is being developed in multiple variants to meet specific requirements.
• The ASTRA Mk-I Weapon System, integrated with SU-30 Mk-I aircraft, is being inducted into the Indian Air Force (IAF).

Features of ASTRA Mk-I:

• • It has a range of 80 to 110 km in a head-on chase and can travel at 4.5 Mach speed (almost hypersonic).
  • The missile also has a locally developed Ku-band active radar guidance system and a 15-kg warhead.
  • It offers the pilot the option to choose between “Lock on Before Launch – LOBL” and “Lock on After Launch – LOAL” and later allows the aircraft to shoot and scoot to safety after firing the missile in the direction of the target.
  • It is based on advanced solid-fuel ducted ramjet (SFDR) engine technology.
  • It is capable of operating under all weather conditions, both day and night, and offers high overall reliability and a very high ”Single Shot Kill Probability – SSKP”. 

Missiles Based on Speed

Missiles are classified based on their speed with respect to that of sound, expressed as Mach.

• Subsonic missile: Missiles that travel slower than sound are known as "subsonic."
  • Examples: U.S. Harpoon anti-ship missile, Indian Prithvi short-range ballistic missile
• Supersonic missile: Missiles that travel faster than the speed of sound (Mach 1) but less than Mach 5 are called "supersonic."
  • Examples: Russian Iskander tactical ballistic missile, Indian BrahMos supersonic cruise missile.
• Hypersonic missile: The term "hypersonic" means that the speed of missiles should be at least five times faster than the speed of sound (over Mach 5).
  • Examples: China's DF-ZF hypersonic glide vehicle, Russia’s Avangard, and Shaurya/Sagarika missiles of India (Max speed - 7.5 Mach), etc.

• Fractional Orbital Bombardment System (FOBS): It is a warhead delivery system that uses a low Earth orbit towards its target destination. Just before reaching the target, it deorbits through a retrograde engine burn.
  • Instead of ICBMs which follow a probable trajectory, FOBS can avoid early warning systems by approaching from the south polar region without the revelation of targets.
  • Example: Russia developed this technology in the 1960s. Recently, China has tested this system too.

Missiles Based on the Launch Mode

Based on Strategic Importance

Strategic missiles encompass missiles that give a strategic edge over an opponent or provide credible deterrence to a country. In India and other powerful countries, these missiles are part of the nuclear triad.

• Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM): These missiles are long-range missiles that are capable of delivering nuclear warheads across continents.
  • It is a part of India’s Nuclear Triad.
  • Agni-V is India's first Intercontinental Ballistic Missile(ICBM), with a range of around 5000-8000 km. It brings the entire Asia-Pacific region within its reach.
  • Mission Divyastra successfully tested the Agni-V missile using MIRV (Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicle) technology, capable of striking multiple targets hundreds of kilometres apart with a single missile.
• Sub-surface ballistic nuclear (SSBN):  A nuclear-powered submarine carrying and launching ballistic missiles armed with nuclear weapons.
  • K-15 Sagarika (750 km) and K-4 (3500 km, in development) are the Submarine-launched ballistic Missiles (SLBMs), thatcomplete India's nuclear triad by enabling second-strike capability from underwater locations. 
  • K-15 Sagarika has been deployed in Arihant class SSBN.

Based on Tactical Importance

Tactical missiles are employed in the battlefield and frontline combat situations to strike and neutralise enemy assets and capabilities. India boasts an array of tactical missiles.

• Prithvi Missiles: The Prithvi series includes short-range surface-to-surface ballistic missiles.
  • Prithvi-I (150km) and Prithvi-II (350 km) for battlefield roles and hitting strategic targets close to the border.
  • Prithvi-III naval variant (350 km) to boost coastal and seaborne deterrence from warships.
• BrahMos Missile: BrahMos is the fastest supersonic missile of the world.
  • It is a Mach 3 "fire-and-forget" missile, inducted in all three services of the Indian Armed Forces.
  • Its variants include land, ship, submarine, and air-launched missiles.
  • BrahMos II, the hypersonic cruise missile, is currently in the developing phase. 

Types of Missiles Based on Propulsion

Missiles utilise different types of propulsion and guidance systems based on their range, launch platform and targets. Key missile propulsion systems are:

• Solid Propulsion: It uses solid propellants like Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) fuel. It is simple, low-cost, and reliable.
  • Example: Prithvi, Brahmos.
• Liquid Propulsion: It employs liquid fuels (Hydrazine - N2H4, Liq. hydrogen, etc.) and oxidisers (Nitrogen tetroxide - N2O4, Liq. oxygen, etc.).
  • It has higher efficiency and throttle ability.
  • Example: Agni series, Akash.
    • Recently, India has successfully tested the Agni-Prime missile with solid propellant, making it lighter than other Agni series missiles.
• Hybrid Propulsion: It uses a combination of solid and liquid propellants. 
  • Example: Used in Brahmos hypersonic cruise missile prototype.
• Cryogenic: It uses liquid oxygen and hydrogen. It has a very high energy density. 
  • Example: Employed in long-range Agni-V ICBM.
• Ramjet/Scramjet: Air-breathing engines are used for hypersonic ballistic and cruise missiles. 
  • Example: Under development (India’s HGV and  Brahmos-II).

Based on Guidance Systems

Guidance systems enable missiles to accurately reach targets. Various guidance technologies are:

• Command Guidance: External commands guide missiles through radio/wire links. 
  • Example: Nag anti-tank missile.
• Inertial Guidance: Onboard computers and motion sensors provide autonomous course correction. 
  • Example: Agni ballistic missiles.
• Terrain Mapping: This compares onboard terrain maps to radar altimeter data for accuracy. 
  • Example: Prithvi missiles.
• Laser Homing: It guides towards a target illuminated by a laser designator. 
  • Example: Helina anti-tank missile, Anti-Tank Guided Missile for MBT Arjun, etc.
• Radar/GPS: This updates position using satellite navigation and matches it to targeting data. Example: Brahmos cruise missile.

Integrated Missile Development Program

• Structured as a phased campaign, IGMDP progressed through technology development, sub-system testing, prototype fabrication, rigorous flight trials, production and eventual induction:
  • 1983-84: Developing infrastructure and training scientific talent.
  • 1984-89: Prithvi and Trishul missile advances.
  • 1989-92: Mastering Nag anti-tank and Akash SAM missiles.
  • 1992- 2008: Mature Agni ballistic missiles proving program success.
• The indigenised outputs enabled India to gatecrash the exclusive club of missile-possessing states - an indicator of technological proficiency conversion into strategic deterrence.
• The IGMDP program also delivered seminal spin-offs like the Long-Range Tracking System, advanced composite materials, high-accuracy ring laser gyros and radomes.
• It laid the foundations for the Integrated Missile Development Center, Defense Technology Center and the Advanced Center for Energetic Materials.
• 2008: After achieving the goal of making India self-reliant (Atma Nirbharta) the DRDO discontinued this program.

Objectives of the IGMDP

The IGMDP set ambitious objectives targeted at developing complete competence in guided missiles natively covering:

• Principal Technologies: The Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme established research facilities and hands-on mastery over dozens of technologies needed - propellants, aerodynamics, navigation, control systems etc.
• Production Infrastructure: This Program set up dedicated assembly lines and facilities so developed missiles can be manufactured in numbers efficiently.
• Deployment Capabilities: This Program enables the transition of successfully developed missile systems into the armed services through extensive field trials validation and induction into units.

Kachchhi Kharek, the indigenous variety of dates of Kutch, has become the second fruit of Gujarat to get a geographical indication (GI) tag from the Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks (CGPDT) of India.

Kachchhi Kharek

The presence of dates in Kachchh (Kutch) is believed to be around 400-500 years old.It is believed that date palm groves along the north-western border of India have developed from the seeds thrown by the settlers, who used to visit Middle-East countries for Haj.It is also probable that the Arab gardeners working in the palaces of the former rulers of Kachchh might also have contributed to the import of the date seeds and offshoots from Arab countries.

Features

• Dates grown in Kutch are harvested at the khalal stage, the stage when fruits have matured, accumulated sucrose, and have turned red or yellow but are still crisp.
• The Kutch date season typically commences on June 15 each year, and the trees are known for their tolerance to salinity and adaptability to extreme drought and heat conditions.
• In other countries, they are allowed to ripen further till they become soft and dark brown or black in colour.
• Kachchh is the only place around the globe where fresh dates are economically cultivated, marketed, and consumed.
• There are around two million date palms in Kutch today and around 1.7 million of them are seedling-origin palms of deshi (indigenous) varieties.
• They are seedling propagated palms, each of them is a unique palm in itself, representing a vast range of diversity in characteristics.
• The area accounts for more than 85 % of total date palm cultivation in India.

These dates in Kutch have to be harvested at khalal stage as they can’t withstand moist weather.

An interim budget serves as a framework for managing provisional expenditures over a short duration, usually spanning a few months, until a new government takes office at the central level.

• An interim budget generally includes the current state of the economy, plan and non-plan expenditures and receipts, changes in tax rates, revised estimates of the current financial year, and estimates for the coming financial year.
• Despite being presented for the entire year, similar to a regular budget, the interim budget is subject to constraints imposed by the Election Commission.
  • These constraints aim to prevent the government from implementing policies that could unduly influence the general public before the commencement of voting.
• The Parliament passes a Vote-on-account to meet essential expenditures such as salaries of central government staff, funding of ongoing projects, and other government expenditures.
  • In other words, it accounts for only expenditures to be borne by the outgoing government for a period of two months, which may be extended to four months on special circumstances.
• The interim budget serves as a financial plan during a transitional period, typically when there are only a few months left in the current government's tenure. The vote-on-account can be approved within the framework of the interim budget.
• Like a full budget, an interim budget will be discussed and passed in the Lok Sabha, and in the case of a vote-on-account, it will be passed without any formal discussion as such.
• An interim budget can propose changes in the tax regime, whereas a vote-on-account cannot change the tax regime under any circumstances.
• Vote-On-Account is a parliamentary approval for withdrawing money from the Consolidated Fund of India from April to June/July or until the new Government presents its full-fledged budget. 
  • It can be termed an advance grant, interim arrangement, and authorisation for the outgoing government to draw the money from the above-said fund and meet short-term expenditures.

As far as validity is concerned, the interim budget is valid throughout the year whereas the vote-on-account is valid only for a period of two to four months.

Recently, the maiden Bilateral Maritime Exercise -Ayutthaya’ between the Indian Navy (IN) and Royal Thai Navy (RTN) was conducted.

Exercise Ayutthaya

The IndIa-Thailand Bilateral Exercise is being named as ‘Ex-Ayutthaya’, which literally translates to ‘The Invincible One’ or ‘Undefeatable’.It symbolises the significance of two of the oldest cities Ayodhya in India and Ayutthaya in Thailand, the historic legacies, rich cultural ties and shared historical narratives dating back to several centuries.

• Indigenously built Indian Naval ships Kulish and IN LCU 56 participated in the inaugural edition of the exercise.
• With the institution of a Bilateral Exercise, both navies have taken a step towards strengthening operational synergy and progressively increasing the exercise complexity.
• During the maiden edition of the exercise, participating units from both navies conducted surface and anti-air exercises including weapon firing, seamanship evolutions and tactical manoeuvres.
• The 36th edition of India-Thailand Coordinated Patrol (Indo-Thai CORPAT) was also conducted along with the maiden bilateral exercise.
• Maritime Patrol Aircraft from both navies participated in the Sea Phase of the exercise.
• As part of Government of India's vision of SAGAR (Security And Growth for All in the Region), the Indian Navy has been proactively engaging with countries in the Indian Ocean Region towards enhancing regional maritime security.
• The Indian Navy and Royal Thai Navy have maintained a close and friendly relationship which has strengthened over the years.

INS Kulish?

It is a Kora-class corvette, currently in active service with the Indian Navy. She was ordered in October 1994 and the keel was laid in October 1995. The ship was launched in August 1997 and was commissioned on 20 August 2001. Kulish is the third of the four Kora-class corvettes designed under Project25A.

Scientists are finding that the gut microbiota may be linked to heart health, some cancers, and even the colour of urine.

Gut Microbiota

The human gut microbiota refers to the trillions of microbes, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, that live in the human gut.

• Previously, people referred to the gut microbiota as the microflora of the gut.
• The gut microbiome is the environment they live in.
• Establishment of the human gut microbiota:
  • Infants inherit their first gut microbes during vaginal delivery or breastfeeding (chestfeeding). 
  • Later, your diet and other environmental exposures introduce new microbes to your biome.

The gut microbiota assists in a range of bodily functions, including:

• • harvesting energy from digested food
  • protecting against pathogens
  • regulating immune function
  • strengthening the biochemical barriers of the gut and intestine

Changes in microbiota composition can affect these functions.

Disease:

• • While there are beneficial bacteria in the gut, there are also harmful bacteria that can enter the Gastrointestinal (GI) tract and cause infection.
  • These infections include food poisoning and other GI diseases that result in diarrhea and vomiting.
  • Research suggests that bacterial populations in the GI system play a role in developing gut conditions, including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.
  • Low microbial diversity in the gut also has links to obesity and type 2 diabetes.
  • The status of the gut microbiota also has links to metabolic syndrome.
  • Disturbing the microbiota with antibiotics can also lead to disease, including infections that become resistant to antibiotics.

Crohn’s disease?

Crohn's disease is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that causes inflammation in your digestive tract. It can affect any part of your digestive tract, which runs from your mouth to your anus. But it usually affects your small intestine and the beginning of your large intestine.Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 

• Union Minister of Health & Family Welfare inaugurates the country’s 1^st Healthy & Hygienic Food Street, 'PRASADAM,' in Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh.

The street will serve traditional dishes made of coarse grains like rajgira, sanwa, kuttu, ragi, dal-baffle, and more.

• India signs Bilateral Haj Agreement 2024 with Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) recently.

The Hajj is an annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, the holiest city for Muslims.  It is one of the ‘five pillars’ of Islam.