Rani Chennamma and the Kittur Revolt

Why in the News?
The 200th anniversary of the Kittur Revolt, led by Rani Chennamma, was recently commemorated, marking her significant contribution to India's resistance against British colonial rule.

About Rani Chennamma:

• Birth and Early Life: Rani Chennamma was born in 1778 in Kakati village, which is now part of Karnataka.
• Marriage and Rule: She married Raja Mallasarja of Kittur. After his death in 1816, their son, Shivalingarudra Sarja, briefly ascended the throne but died soon after.
• Adoption of Heir: After her son's death, Rani Chennamma adopted a child, Shivalingappa, and declared him her heir.
   

Clash with the British East India Company (EIC):

• Doctrine of Lapse: The British East India Company, under the Doctrine of Lapse, did not recognize her adopted son as the rightful heir. This doctrine meant that any kingdom without a natural heir would be annexed by the British.
• Defiance: Rani Chennamma defied the British orders to exile her adopted son and sent a letter to Lord Elphinstone, the Lieutenant-Governor of Bombay, pleading her case. However, her request was denied.
• Confiscation of Treasures: When the British attempted to seize the treasures and jewels of Kittur, it led to the Kittur Revolt.
   

The Kittur Revolt (1824):

• First Armed Rebellion Against EIC: The Kittur Revolt is considered the first armed rebellion against the British East India Company and one of the earliest woman-led anti-colonial struggles.
• The First Battle (October 1824): In the first battle, Rani Chennamma's forces inflicted significant losses on the British. British officers were taken hostage by the Rani, but she released them after they promised peace. However, the British broke their promise and resumed hostilities.
• Capture and Imprisonment: Eventually, the British captured the Kittur Fort, imprisoned Rani Chennamma and her family in Bailhongal Fort, where she died in 1829.
   

Role of Sangolli Rayanna:
Sangolli Rayanna, Rani Chennamma’s lieutenant, played a pivotal role in the revolt and is remembered for his courage and leadership during the uprising.

Legacy:
Rani Chennamma's revolt was not only a challenge against the British East India Company but also a defiance against the societal norms of her time, where women were often marginalized. Her bravery and sacrifice played a vital role in the national awakening, inspiring future generations in the Indian freedom struggle.