Man-Portable Air Defence Systems (MANPADS)

The Indian Army is undertaking a major strategic shift in its air defence posture by repurposing Man-Portable Air Defence Systems (MANPADS) to counter the emerging threat of sub-sonic cruise missiles. This move reflects the evolving nature of aerial threats and the need for layered and flexible air defence capabilities.

About Man-Portable Air Defence Systems (MANPADS)

Man-Portable Air Defence Systems (MANPADS) are surface-to-air missile systems designed to be operated by an individual soldier or a small team to engage low-flying aircraft.

These systems are commonly described as shoulder-fired anti-aircraft missiles.

Technical Features of MANPADS

MANPADS are generally less than 2 metres in length and weigh around 20 kilograms, making them highly portable and mobile.

A typical MANPADS consists of:

• a missile housed in a launch tube,

• a launching mechanism or “gripstock”, and

• a battery unit.

Historical Background

The United States and the Soviet Union were the first to deploy MANPADS in the 1960s, with the introduction of the Redeye and Strela systems, respectively. These weapons were developed to provide infantry units with portable air defence capabilities.

Global Presence and Production

Currently, the armed forces of around 105 countries operate MANPADS. However, only 12 countries, including India, possess the capability to indigenously produce these systems.

Prominent MANPADS Worldwide

Some of the most well-known MANPADS include:

• the US-made Stinger,

• the Soviet 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7), and

• the Chinese FN-16, one of the latest entrants.

Types of MANPADS

Command Line-of-Sight (CLOS) MANPADS

These systems are guided by the operator using remote control to keep the missile on the line of sight to the target.

Laser-Guided MANPADS

Also known as laser beam rider systems, these MANPADS follow a laser beam projected onto the target.

Infrared-Seeker MANPADS

The most common type, these missiles are heat-seeking and lock onto the infrared radiation emitted by an aircraft’s engine.

Strategic Significance

The adaptation of MANPADS to counter sub-sonic cruise missiles enhances India’s short-range air defence, strengthens point defence of critical assets, and complements larger air defence systems in a layered defence architecture.