Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)

A recent study conducted across seven antenatal clinics involving more than 3,000 pregnant women has revealed that early Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) affects nearly one in five pregnant women. This finding highlights the rising burden of metabolic disorders during pregnancy.

About Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is a condition characterized by glucose intolerance that is first diagnosed during pregnancy.
It is most commonly detected between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation, although early onset cases are increasingly being reported.

Causes of GDM

GDM occurs due to the hormonal changes of pregnancy.

• The placenta produces hormones that are essential to sustain pregnancy and provide nutrients to the growing fetus.

• These hormones block the action of insulin, reducing the body’s ability to regulate blood sugar levels.

• This phenomenon is known as the “contra-insulin effect”, which typically begins between 20 and 24 weeks of pregnancy.

Symptoms

In most cases, gestational diabetes is asymptomatic and is detected only through screening.
When symptoms do occur, they may include:

• Excessive thirst

• Frequent urination

• Fatigue

• Nausea

Risk Factors

The risk of developing GDM is higher in women with the following conditions:

• Overweight or obesity

• Advanced maternal age (especially above 45 years)

• Family history of diabetes

• History of gestational diabetes in previous pregnancies

• Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

Treatment and Management

Gestational diabetes can be effectively controlled through:

• Lifestyle modifications, including a balanced diet and regular physical activity

• Regular monitoring of blood glucose levels

• Medication or insulin therapy, when lifestyle changes alone are insufficient

Early diagnosis and appropriate management significantly reduce risks to both the mother and the fetus.

Significance

• GDM poses serious risks such as pregnancy complications, macrosomia, and future type 2 diabetes in both mother and child.

• The rising prevalence of GDM underscores the need for early screening, awareness, and preventive healthcare strategies during pregnancy.