Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)

The Government of Gujarat has launched an intensive statewide vaccination campaign to control the spread of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD). The main objective of this campaign is to prevent outbreaks in livestock, protect animal health, and reduce economic losses for farmers and the dairy industry. Since FMD spreads very rapidly, large-scale vaccination is considered essential for effective control.

About Foot and Mouth Disease

Foot and Mouth Disease is a highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals such as cattle, buffaloes, sheep, and goats. It spreads easily among livestock, especially in densely populated farming areas.

Cause of the Disease

FMD is caused by a virus belonging to the genus Aphthovirus of the family Picornaviridae. This virus is highly infectious and can survive outside the host for some time, which makes its control more challenging.

Symptoms

The disease is mainly characterised by:

• Fever in infected animals

• Blister-like sores in the mouth, tongue, and lips

• Sores on teats and between hooves

• Excessive salivation and difficulty in eating and movement

A key point is that while adult animals usually recover, they often become weak and less productive after infection. In young animals, the disease can be fatal due to myocarditis (heart inflammation).

Impact of the Disease

FMD causes severe economic losses in the livestock sector. It reduces milk production, affects meat output, and weakens draught animals. Although it is rarely fatal in adult animals, its impact on productivity and trade is significant. It also disrupts domestic and international livestock trade, as it is classified as a transboundary animal disease (TAD).

Transmission

FMD spreads through multiple routes, making it highly contagious. It can be transmitted by:

• Infected animals entering a herd (via saliva, milk, semen, etc.)

• Contaminated animal sheds and transport vehicles

• Infected feed, water, hay, and milk

• Contaminated clothing, footwear, and equipment

• Raw or improperly processed animal products fed to livestock

Susceptibility

Animals in intensive livestock farming systems are more vulnerable due to close contact and high-density conditions. In comparison, traditional or extensively grazed animals may have relatively lower risk.

Prevention and Control

The only effective method of prevention is vaccination. There is no specific treatment for FMD once an animal is infected. Therefore, regular immunisation campaigns are essential to control outbreaks and protect livestock populations.