Artificial Intelligence (AI) and National Security

The rapid growth of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in areas such as defence, surveillance, and geopolitics has made it a key factor in national security. Countries like India are increasingly focusing on AI sovereignty to protect their strategic and technological independence in a competitive global environment.

Role of AI in Promoting National Security

Enhancing Military Capabilities

Artificial Intelligence is transforming modern warfare by improving the precision and efficiency of military operations. AI-enabled systems can identify targets accurately, assist in autonomous combat operations, and reduce unintended damage.

It also supports the development of autonomous weapons and intelligent defence systems, which enhance the overall combat effectiveness of armed forces.

Strengthening C4ISR Systems

AI plays a crucial role in strengthening C4ISR (Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance) systems. These systems form the backbone of military operations.

By processing large volumes of data quickly, AI enables:

• Faster decision-making

• Better coordination among forces

• Prediction of enemy strategies

This improves the responsiveness and efficiency of defence systems.

Countering Asymmetric Threats

AI is increasingly used to tackle non-traditional threats such as terrorism and insurgency. AI-powered drones and surveillance systems help monitor suspicious activities and track threats.

At the same time, governments are developing counter-drone technologies to neutralize threats posed by autonomous systems used by non-state actors.

Protection of Critical Infrastructure

AI enhances the protection of critical infrastructure, including power grids, communication systems, and defence installations.

It helps detect anomalies and cyber threats in real time, thereby preventing disruptions. AI-based surveillance systems also improve physical security by identifying suspicious behaviour.

Countering Disinformation

AI plays an important role in addressing information warfare. While it can be used to create deepfakes and misinformation, it is also used to detect and counter such content.

AI systems help identify fake news, track coordinated campaigns, and protect the integrity of democratic processes.

AI Sovereignty

Meaning

AI sovereignty refers to a nation’s ability to independently control its AI ecosystem, including data, infrastructure, algorithms, and governance.

It ensures that a country can use AI in a way that aligns with its national interests, security needs, and strategic priorities.

India’s Approach

India has made AI sovereignty a major policy focus through initiatives like the IndiaAI Mission.

The country is working towards:

• Expanding computing infrastructure

• Developing indigenous AI models

• Using domestic data effectively

• Collaborating with global technology companies

India follows a practical approach, combining domestic development with international partnerships to strengthen its AI capabilities.

Threats from Weaponisation of AI

Threat to Military Balance

AI enables asymmetric warfare, where even smaller or less powerful actors can challenge stronger militaries using technologies like drone swarms and autonomous weapons.

This can alter the balance of power and create new security challenges.

AI-Driven Cyber Threats

AI has increased the sophistication of cyber-attacks, making them more automated and difficult to detect. These attacks can target critical sectors such as:

• Power supply

• Banking systems

• Defence networks

Such disruptions can have serious consequences for national security.

Disinformation and Deepfakes

AI-generated deepfakes and misinformation campaigns can influence public opinion, create social divisions, and undermine trust in institutions.

This poses a major threat to democratic stability and social harmony.

Economic and Strategic Risks

AI can be used for cyber espionage and intellectual property theft, especially in sensitive sectors like pharmaceuticals and technology.

It can also disrupt supply chains, affecting economic stability and defence production.

Emerging Risk of Bioweapons

The combination of AI and biotechnology can enable the creation of new biological threats. These may include engineered pathogens that are difficult to detect or treat, posing a serious global risk.

Data Poisoning

Data poisoning involves manipulating the data used to train AI systems, which can lead to incorrect decisions or system failures. This can compromise critical systems without obvious signs of attack.

Measures Needed for India

Strengthening Indigenous Capabilities

India must invest in research, innovation, and development to build strong domestic AI capabilities. This will reduce dependence on foreign technologies.

Securing Data and Infrastructure

The country should develop secure data systems and domestic computing infrastructure to ensure that sensitive information remains protected within national boundaries.

Building Resilient Infrastructure

Critical infrastructure must be designed to withstand cyber and AI-driven threats through advanced security systems and resilience planning.

Ensuring Cognitive Security

India should take steps to counter misinformation by developing tools to detect deepfakes and promoting digital awareness among citizens.

Establishing Regulations

Clear rules and guidelines are needed to regulate the use of AI in defence and cyber domains. Human oversight should be maintained in critical decision-making processes.

Promoting Global Cooperation

India should engage with other countries to develop shared norms and standards for the responsible use of AI while also benefiting from technology partnerships.

Conclusion

Artificial Intelligence is reshaping national security by providing new capabilities as well as new risks. For India, ensuring AI sovereignty is essential to maintain strategic autonomy, economic security, and social stability.

A balanced approach that combines indigenous development, strong regulation, secure infrastructure, and international cooperation will help India effectively harness AI while addressing its challenges.