Agri-Photovoltaics (AgriPV)

The Union Budget 2026–27 has nearly doubled the allocation for the PM-KUSUM Scheme to ₹5,000 crore, signalling a strong push toward farmer-centric solarisation. In this context, Agri-Photovoltaics (AgriPV) is emerging as a crucial solution to balance energy expansion with food security.

AgriPV resolves the “food vs fuel” conflict by enabling simultaneous farming and solar power generation.

What is Agri-Photovoltaics (AgriPV)?

Agri-Photovoltaics, also known as Agrivoltaics, refers to the dual use of the same land for both agriculture and solar energy generation. Instead of converting farmland into solar parks, solar panels are either elevated above crops or strategically spaced between them.This system creates a mutually beneficial microclimate, where panels provide shade and reduce water loss, while crop transpiration cools panels and improves their efficiency.AgriPV enhances both farm productivity and solar efficiency simultaneously.

Types of AgriPV Systems

The design of AgriPV systems varies depending on crop type and local conditions. Elevated systems allow crops and machinery to operate underneath raised panels, while row-based systems create gaps for sunlight-dependent crops. Vertical systems use bifacial panels mounted like fences, and greenhouse-integrated systems combine solar panels with controlled farming environments. AgriPV systems must be tailored to local agro-climatic conditions for optimal results.

Suitable Crops

Crop selection plays a vital role in AgriPV success. Shade-tolerant crops perform well under panels, while sunlight-demanding crops grow better in open spaces between panel rows. For instance, crops like tomato, turmeric, and onion are suitable in some regions, while ragi, grapes, and banana work better in others.

Benefits of AgriPV

Income Diversification:
Farmers gain an additional and reliable source of income by selling surplus solar power and reducing dependence on diesel.

Water Conservation:
The shade provided by panels reduces evapotranspiration, leading to better moisture retention and improved water-use efficiency.

Climate Protection:
Solar panels act as shields against extreme weather such as heatwaves, heavy rainfall, and hailstorms.

Strengthening Rural Economy:
Decentralised solar energy can power cold storage, food processing, and irrigation systems, strengthening rural value chains.

Current Status in India

As of 2026, India has around 50 pilot AgriPV projects, including initiatives by Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR). However, large-scale commercial deployment is still at an early stage.

There are discussions to include AgriPV under a proposed National Agri-Photovoltaics Mission linked to PM-KUSUM.

Importance for India

Addressing the Food vs Fuel Dilemma:
India aims to achieve 300 GW solar capacity by 2030 while ensuring food security. AgriPV prevents competition between energy and agriculture for land.

Supporting Agrarian Economy:
With a large rural population dependent on farming, AgriPV helps modernise agriculture and improve farmer incomes.

Alignment with National Goals:
It complements schemes like PM-KUSUM and contributes to climate goals such as Net-Zero emissions by 2070.

Challenges in Adoption

High Initial Costs:
AgriPV requires specialised structures, making it more expensive than conventional solar systems.

Risk to Crop Yield:
Improper design can reduce agricultural productivity.

Regulatory Gaps:
There is a lack of clear policies on land use, tariffs, and grid connectivity.

Ownership Issues:
Conflicts may arise between farmers and developers over land rights and revenue sharing.

Limited Data:
With few pilot projects, there is insufficient large-scale evidence across regions.

Measures for Large-Scale Adoption

Research and Development:
Institutions like Indian Council of Agricultural Research and National Institute of Solar Energy should identify optimal crop-panel combinations.

Financial Support:
Provision of subsidies, viability gap funding (VGF), and low-interest loans can reduce cost barriers.

Policy Framework:
A dedicated national policy is needed to define technical standards and regulatory norms.

Capacity Building:
Training farmers through Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) can improve adoption and management.

State-Level Facilitation:
States should identify suitable clusters and simplify approval processes.

Conclusion

Agri-Photovoltaics presents a transformative solution for India by integrating clean energy with sustainable agriculture. With strong policy support, technological innovation, and region-specific planning, it can boost farmer incomes, ensure food security, and accelerate India’s energy transition.