Scientists at ICAR–National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (ICAR-NIHSAD), Bhopal, have developed India’s first indigenous MA-104 cell-line-based live attenuated vaccine against African Swine Fever (ASF) in pigs.
About African Swine Fever
African Swine Fever (ASF) is a highly contagious viral disease affecting domestic pigs and wild boar. It is caused by the African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV), a DNA virus belonging to the Asfarviridae family.
The disease causes high fever, haemorrhages and mortality rates that may approach 100%, resulting in severe socio-economic losses to the global pig-farming sector. ASF is not zoonotic, meaning it does not infect humans or other livestock species.
Global Distribution and India
ASF was originally found throughout sub-Saharan Africa but is now prevalent in several countries across Europe, Asia and Africa.
India notified its first ASF outbreak in January 2020 in Assam and Arunachal Pradesh. Since then, the disease has spread to several States and Union Territories.
Transmission
The ASF virus is highly resistant in the environment and can survive on clothes, boots, vehicle wheels and other contaminated materials. It can also persist in pork products such as ham, sausages and bacon.
Transmission occurs through direct contact with infected pigs or wild boar, contaminated feed and materials, and, in some regions, soft ticks.
Symptoms
Clinical signs generally appear 3–15 days after infection. Early symptoms include high fever, lethargy and loss of appetite. In some cases, pigs may die suddenly without obvious symptoms.
Other symptoms include skin reddening, diarrhoea, vomiting, laboured breathing, swollen or red eyes, abortions and stillbirths. Severe cases may result in death as the only visible sign.
Treatment and Prevention
There is currently no specific treatment for ASF. Control depends on strict biosecurity, surveillance, movement control and culling of infected or exposed animals.
A few commercially licensed ASF vaccines are available in Vietnam. India's development of an indigenous MA-104 cell-line-based live attenuated vaccine is significant for strengthening domestic disease control.
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