Recently, a government working paper suggested that artificial intelligence–based Large Language Models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, should by default have access to content that is freely available online. The paper further proposed that publishers should not be provided with an opt-out mechanism for such content, sparking debate around copyright, data usage, and AI governance.
What are Large Language Models (LLMs)?
Large Language Models (LLMs) are a class of artificial intelligence programs designed to recognise, understand, and generate human language. They are termed “large” because they are trained on extremely large datasets, often consisting of hundreds of gigabytes or even terabytes of text data.
Core Technology Behind LLMs
LLMs are built using machine learning techniques, particularly a type of neural network architecture known as the transformer model. Transformer models are especially effective at:
Handling sequences of words, and
Capturing contextual relationships in text using a mechanism called self-attention.
In simple terms, an LLM is a computer system that has been trained on a vast number of examples to interpret and generate complex human language patterns.
Training Process of LLMs
Most LLMs are trained on large-scale internet data, including text sourced from websites, books, articles, and online platforms. However, the quality of training data significantly affects model performance, so developers often use curated and filtered datasets.
LLMs rely on deep learning, which involves the probabilistic analysis of unstructured data. This allows the model to:
Automatically recognise patterns in characters, words, and sentences, and
Learn distinctions in content without explicit human instructions.
After initial training, LLMs undergo fine-tuning or prompt-tuning to specialise in specific tasks defined by developers.
Uses and Applications of LLMs
LLMs are capable of performing a wide range of language-related tasks, including:
Answering questions,
Summarising large volumes of text,
Translating between languages, and
Generating written content.
In the business sector, LLM-based tools are used to:
Improve employee productivity,
Offer personalised customer recommendations, and
Accelerate innovation, ideation, and product development.
LLMs as Foundation Models
LLMs form the backbone of popular generative AI tools, such as ChatGPT, Claude, Microsoft Copilot, Gemini, and Meta AI. As these models increasingly process multiple data types beyond text, including images, audio, and video, they are now referred to as foundation models or multimodal models.
Challenges and Concerns
Despite their transformative potential, LLMs face several challenges, such as:
High computational and energy requirements,
Ethical and legal concerns, including data ownership and bias, and
Limitations in deep contextual understanding and reasoning.
Key Technical Definitions
Machine Learning: A subset of AI in which systems learn from data to identify patterns.
Deep Learning: A form of machine learning where models automatically learn representations from data without human intervention.
Neural Networks: Layered structures of interconnected nodes that transmit and process information.
Transformer Models: Neural network architectures that use self-attention to understand contextual relationships within sequences of data.
As on date, NewSpace India Limited (NSIL) has signed 70 Technology Transfer Agreements (TTAs) to facilitate the transfer of technologies developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) to Indian industries. This reflects NSIL’s growing role in strengthening industry participation in India’s space sector.
About NewSpace India Limited
NewSpace India Limited was incorporated on 6 March 2019 under the Companies Act, 2013. It is a wholly owned Government of India company operating under the administrative control of the Department of Space (DoS). NSIL functions as the commercial arm of ISRO, responsible for commercialising space technologies and services.
Primary Responsibilities
The primary responsibility of NSIL is to enable Indian industries to undertake high-technology space-related activities. It also focuses on the promotion and commercial exploitation of products and services emerging from the Indian space programme.
Major Business Areas
Launch Vehicle Production
NSIL facilitates the production of Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) through Indian industry participation.
Space-based Services
The company is engaged in the production and marketing of space-based services, including launch services, transponder leasing, remote sensing services, and mission support services.
Satellite Building
NSIL undertakes the building of communication and earth observation satellites as per specific user requirements.
Technology Transfer
A key function of NSIL is the transfer of technologies developed by ISRO centres, units, and constituent institutions of the Department of Space to industry.
Commercialisation of Spinoff Technologies
NSIL markets spinoff technologies, products, and services arising from ISRO’s research and development activities.
Consultancy Services
In addition, NSIL provides consultancy services related to space systems, applications, and mission planning.
Overall Significance
NSIL plays a vital role in advancing commercialisation, indigenisation, and private sector participation in India’s space ecosystem, thereby supporting the country’s emergence as a global space services hub.
Recently, the Prime Minister of India called upon citizens to actively participate in the ‘Your Money, Your Right’ movement, urging them to reclaim their unclaimed financial assets and spread awareness about the initiative.
About the ‘Your Money, Your Right’ Movement
The ‘Your Money, Your Right’ movement was launched by the Central Government in October 2025. It is a nationwide initiative aimed at enabling individuals and their families to identify and reclaim unclaimed financial assets, such as bank deposits, insurance proceeds, mutual fund investments, and dividends.
Objective of the Initiative
The primary objective of the movement is to return long-forgotten or unclaimed funds to their rightful owners. The initiative brings together government agencies, financial regulators, banks, insurance companies, and other financial institutions to streamline the identification and claim process.
Extent of Unclaimed Financial Assets in India
A significant amount of citizens’ money remains unclaimed across various financial sectors:
Banks hold nearly ₹78,000 crore as unclaimed deposits.
Insurance companies have about ₹14,000 crore of unclaimed insurance proceeds.
Mutual fund companies hold approximately ₹3,000 crore in unclaimed amounts.
Unpaid dividends amount to nearly ₹9,000 crore.
Deposits in bank accounts that remain inoperative for 10 years are classified as unclaimed deposits.
Key Features of the Movement
Under this initiative, individuals are encouraged to check whether they or their close family members have any unclaimed deposits or financial proceeds. Citizens can verify unclaimed bank balances, insurance claims, mutual fund payouts, and dividends using dedicated online platforms.
Dedicated Portals for Claims
To facilitate easy access, separate portals have been created by different regulators:
Reserve Bank of India (RBI): UDGAM Portal for unclaimed bank deposits and balances.
Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI): Bima Bharosa Portal for unclaimed insurance policy proceeds.
Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI): MITRA Portal for unclaimed mutual fund amounts.
Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA): IEPFA Portal for unpaid dividends and unclaimed shares.
Facilitation Camps
To ensure wider outreach, facilitation camps are being organised across districts, covering both rural and urban areas. These camps provide:
On-the-spot guidance to citizens on searching for unclaimed assets
Assistance in updating records and completing claim procedures
Demonstrations of digital tools and step-by-step claim processes
Institutional Coordination
At the national level, the campaign is coordinated by the Department of Financial Services (DFS), Ministry of Finance, ensuring collaboration among regulators and financial institutions.
Significance
The movement strengthens financial inclusion, transparency, and consumer rights, while empowering citizens to reclaim their rightful financial assets and reduce idle funds in the financial system.
Recently, Deepavali has been inscribed on UNESCO’s List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, recognising its cultural, social, and spiritual significance at the global level.
About Deepavali
Deepavali, also popularly known as Diwali, is the festival of lights celebrated across India and by Indian communities worldwide. The term ‘Deepavali’ is derived from two Sanskrit words—‘Deepa’, meaning lamp or light, and ‘Vali’, meaning a row or series—together signifying rows of lights.
Time of Celebration
Deepavali is celebrated on Kartik Amaavasya, which usually falls in the months of October or November, according to the Hindu lunar calendar.
Philosophical Significance
The fundamental philosophy of Deepavali revolves around the celebration of prosperity, renewal, and abundance for all individuals. It symbolises the triumph of light over darkness, good over evil, and knowledge over ignorance.
UNESCO Recognition
With its inscription, Deepavali has become the 16th Indian element to be included in UNESCO’s List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, highlighting India’s rich and diverse cultural traditions.
Celebration of Deepavali
Dhanteras
The celebrations begin with Dhanteras, considered an auspicious day for new beginnings. Families purchase metalware, gold, or essential items, symbolising prosperity and good fortune.
Naraka Chaturdashi
The second day is Naraka Chaturdashi, which is observed with early-morning rituals and the lighting of lamps to dispel negativity and welcome positive energy.
Lakshmi-Ganesha Puja
The third day marks the main celebration of Deepavali, during which households perform the sacred Lakshmi-Ganesha Puja, seeking blessings for wealth, wisdom, and well-being.
Fourth Day Celebrations
On the fourth day, families and friends visit one another, exchange gifts, and reconnect, thereby strengthening social bonds and shared happiness.
Bhai Dooj
The festivities conclude with Bhai Dooj, which celebrates the bond between brothers and sisters through prayers, blessings, and meaningful rituals.
Cultural Significance
Deepavali serves as a unifying festival that transcends regional and social boundaries, promoting togetherness, cultural continuity, and shared values
The Controller General of Communication Accounts (CGCA) recently inaugurated the onboarding of all MTNL employees retiring in November 2025 onto the SAMPANN portal at the office of the Principal CCA, Delhi. This step aims to ensure timely and seamless pension processing for retiring employees.
SAMPANN, which stands for System for Accounting and Management of Pension, is a Comprehensive Pension Management System (CPMS). It is an initiative of the Controller General of Communication Accounts (CGCA) under the Department of Telecommunications (DoT), Ministry of Communications.
The SAMPANN portal was launched on 29 December 2018. It serves as an online pension processing and payment system specifically designed for Department of Telecommunications pensioners.
The portal aims to integrate pension-related activities by bringing pension processing, sanctioning, authorisation, and payment units onto a single common digital platform. It also ensures the direct credit of pension amounts into the bank accounts of pensioners.
SAMPANN has enabled:
Faster settlement of pension cases
Improved reconciliation and auditing
Greater ease of accounting and financial management
The system ensures timely and direct disbursement of pension to beneficiaries without the involvement of intermediaries.
It provides a single-window platform covering the complete pension lifecycle, from processing to payment.
The portal includes an online grievance management system, reducing paperwork and enhancing efficiency.
Pensioners can track their pension status from home, promoting transparency and accountability.
SAMPANN allows faster processing of pension arrears and pension revisions, ensuring timely benefits to pensioners.
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We provide offline, online and recorded lectures in the same amount.
Every aspirant is unique and the mentoring is customised according to the strengths and weaknesses of the aspirant.
In every Lecture. Director Sir will provide conceptual understanding with around 800 Mindmaps.
We provide you the best and Comprehensive content which comes directly or indirectly in UPSC Exam.
Offline/Online Class
