Recently, the Union Minister for Ports, Shipping and Waterways virtually inaugurated the 3rd Session of the Council of the International Organization for Marine Aids to Navigation (IALA), which was held in Mumbai. The event highlights India’s active role in global maritime safety governance.

About International Organization for Marine Aids to Navigation (IALA)

The International Organization for Marine Aids to Navigation (IALA) was originally established in 1957 as a Non-Governmental Organization (NGO). In 2024, it officially transitioned into an Intergovernmental Organization (IGO) following the ratification of an international Convention by 34 States.

Mandate and Objectives

IALA’s core mandate is to harmonise global maritime navigation systems and promote safe, efficient, and sustainable maritime navigation. It works closely with member states, international organisations, and industry stakeholders to address emerging challenges related to maritime safety and environmental protection.

Key Objectives include:

• Fostering safe, economic, and efficient movement of vessels by improving and harmonising marine aids to navigation worldwide.

• Encouraging and supporting innovation, recent technological developments, and international cooperation among members.

• Enhancing information exchange with organisations representing users of aids to navigation.

Motto

The official motto of IALA is “Successful Voyages, Sustainable Planet”, reflecting its commitment to both maritime safety and environmental sustainability.

Governance Structure

The IALA Council serves as the key decision-making body of the organization. It is responsible for policy direction and oversight related to marine aids to navigation at the global level.

Membership

IALA has a broad and diverse membership base comprising around 200 members, including:

• 80 national authorities, and

• 60 commercial firms, along with other stakeholders.

India has been a member of IALA since 1957, demonstrating its long-standing engagement in international maritime cooperation.

Headquarters

The headquarters of the International Organization for Marine Aids to Navigation is located in Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France.

Recently, a mega four-month wildlife survey has been launched across the Buxa Tiger Reserve. The survey aims to assess the status of wildlife populations, habitat conditions, and biodiversity health within the reserve, strengthening conservation and management efforts.

Location and Geographical Setting

Buxa Tiger Reserve is located in the Jalpaiguri district of West Bengal. Its northern boundary shares an international border with Bhutan, giving the reserve significant transboundary ecological importance.

Ecological Significance

The reserve forms an important part of the fragile Terai Ecosystem, which is characterised by rich biodiversity and high ecological sensitivity. Buxa also functions as an international elephant migration corridor between India and Bhutan, making it crucial for the conservation of wide-ranging species.

Corridor Connectivity

Buxa Tiger Reserve has extensive landscape-level connectivity, which includes:

• Forests of Bhutan to the north,

• Kochugaon forests and Manas Tiger Reserve to the east, and

• Jaldapara National Park to the west.

This connectivity supports genetic exchange and species movement across the region.

River Systems

Two major rivers, the Raidak River and the Jayanti River, flow through the forests of the reserve. These rivers play a vital role in maintaining habitat diversity and water availability.

Vegetation and Forest Type

The forests of Buxa Tiger Reserve are broadly classified as Moist Tropical Forests. These forests support dense vegetation and diverse plant life.

Flora

Important plant species found in the reserve include:

• Sal,

• Champa,

• Gamar,

• Simul, and

• Chikrasi.

Faunal Diversity

Buxa Tiger Reserve supports a wide range of wildlife species. Key fauna include:

• Tiger,

• Asian elephant,

• Leopard cat,

• Gaur,

• Wild boar,

• Sambar,

• Hog deer, and

• Chinese pangolin.

Recently, a scientific study revealed that more than 60,000 African penguins died of starvation between 2004 and 2011 following the collapse of sardine stocks, which are a primary food source for the species. This finding highlights the severe impact of marine ecosystem changes on seabird populations.

About African Penguin

The African penguin (Spheniscus demersus) is a flightless marine bird species endemic to the southern African region. It is well adapted to life in the ocean and spends most of its time at sea, coming ashore mainly for breeding, moulting, and resting.

Habitat and Distribution

African penguins are typically found within 40 kilometres of the coastline. They inhabit the Atlantic coast of southern Africa, with their range extending along the coasts of Namibia and South Africa. Coastal islands and mainland shores serve as important breeding and moulting sites.

Physical Characteristics

• The species is easily identified by a black stripe and distinctive black spots on its chest, which are unique to each individual, similar to fingerprints.

• It has pink glands above the eyes, which become brighter pink as temperatures rise, helping regulate body heat.

• African penguins are flightless, with flippers adapted for efficient swimming.

Breeding and Moulting Behaviour

African penguins traditionally breed in burrows dug into guano, which provides insulation against extreme heat and protection from predators.

During the annual moulting period of about 21 days, penguins:

• Come ashore,

• Shed and regrow their feathers, and

• Cannot enter the water to feed, often losing up to half of their body mass during this time.

Lifespan

The average lifespan of an African penguin in the wild is around 20 years, although survival rates have declined sharply in recent decades.

Threats to Survival

African penguins face multiple threats, including:

• Collapse of fish stocks, especially sardines, due to overfishing and ecosystem changes,

• Global warming–induced shifts in marine and atmospheric conditions,

• Habitat degradation and reduced food availability near breeding colonies.

These pressures have led to mass starvation events and declining reproductive success.

Conservation Status

According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the African penguin is classified as Critically Endangered, indicating an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.

The Revised Flight Duty Time Limitation (FDTL) Rules are safety regulations issued by the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) to regulate the working hours and rest periods of pilots. These rules prescribe the maximum duration for which pilots can remain on duty, the number of hours they can fly, limits on night operations, and the minimum rest required between duties. The norms are designed to prevent pilot fatigue, minimise human error, and enhance overall aviation safety, in alignment with international standards prescribed by the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO).

Key Provisions of the Revised FDTL Rules

Increased Weekly Rest Requirement

Under the revised rules, pilots are required to receive a minimum of 48 consecutive hours of rest every week, as against the earlier requirement of 36 hours. This provision ensures adequate physical and mental recovery.

Restrictions on Night Landings

The number of permissible night landings has been reduced to two, compared to six earlier. This change recognises the higher fatigue and risk associated with night operations.

Limits on Continuous Night Duties

Pilots are not allowed to perform more than two continuous night duties. This provision aims to reduce circadian rhythm disruption and fatigue accumulation.

Mandatory Roster Adjustments by Airlines

Airlines are required to redesign and manage their crew rosters strictly in accordance with the revised duty and rest limitations to ensure compliance with safety norms.

Fatigue Risk Reporting

Airlines must submit quarterly fatigue risk assessment reports to the DGCA. This strengthens oversight and enables proactive monitoring of fatigue-related safety risks.

Objectives of the Revised FDTL Norms

The primary objective of the revised FDTL norms is to address pilot fatigue, which is a major operational risk in aviation, particularly during early morning departures and night landings. By ensuring adequate rest and limiting night operations, the rules aim to improve pilot alertness, reduce the probability of human error, and align India’s aviation safety framework with global best practices.

Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA)

About DGCA

The Directorate General of Civil Aviation, headquartered in New Delhi, is India’s apex regulatory authority for civil aviation safety. It functions as an attached office under the Ministry of Civil Aviation and works in coordination with the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO).

Role and Functions of DGCA

The DGCA acts as the aviation safety regulator by ensuring flight operation safety and airworthiness standards. It is the licensing authority for pilots, aircraft maintenance engineers, flight engineers, and air traffic controllers. The DGCA also regulates scheduled and non-scheduled air transport services, investigates aviation accidents and incidents, enforces preventive safety measures, monitors aircraft noise and engine emissions, and updates aviation rules and civil aviation requirements.

Status of India’s Aviation Sector

India is currently the third-largest domestic aviation market in the world, after the United States and China. Passenger demand is increasing rapidly due to urbanisation, growth in tourism, and expansion of the middle class. By 2040, passenger traffic is projected to grow six-fold to around 1.1 billion passengers annually.

As of 2025, the aviation sector supports over 7.7 million jobs, both directly and indirectly, and contributes about 1.5 per cent to India’s GDP. The Indian fleet accounts for approximately 2.4 per cent of the global aircraft fleet, with rapid expansion driven by large aircraft orders.

Airport Infrastructure and Regulatory Framework

The number of operational airports in India has increased from 74 in 2014 to 163 in 2025, with a target of 350–400 airports by 2047. The focus remains on greenfield airports and public–private partnership (PPP) models.

India’s civil aviation regulatory framework has evolved from the Air Corporations Act, 1953 and the Open Sky Policy of the 1990s to the Bharatiya Vayuyan Adhiniyam, 2024, which replaces the Aircraft Act, 1934. The new law aligns Indian aviation regulations with ICAO standards, promotes domestic manufacturing under Make in India and Atmanirbhar Bharat, simplifies licensing processes, and modernises aviation governance.